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This research was conducted to produce a limonene-based microemulsion system as vitamin C carrier. The microemulsion was produced using limonene as the oil phase, tween20 and tween80 as surfactants while propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol as co-surfactants. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to determine the microemulsion area by using the water titration method at 25°C. The effect of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of the mixture of S/CoS on the formation of limonene-based microemulsion was studied. The HLB value calculated for the mixture of tween20/propylene glycol in the different ratio was between 10.1 and 13.4. From the experiment, the preparation of limonene-based microemulsion system with tween20/propylene glycol was able to provide large and high stability of microemulsion region on ternary phase diagram (23.6%) while higher HLB value resulted in larger microemulsion area in ternary phase diagrams. The sole formulation with propylene glycol was further selected to carry out the physicochemical characterization of system's stability, particle size and electrical conductivity. All microemulsion systems showed good stability for four weeks at temperature of 4, 25 and 40°C without any phase change and separation. Particle size characterization results elucidated that all microemulsion systems consisted particle size between 20 and 100 nm. The study of electrical conductivity showed that water-in-oil microemulsion was formed from 5-45% wt. of water whereas bicontinuous microemulsion was formed from 50-90% wt. of water content. Overall, the result showed that microemulsion tween20/propylene glycol/limonene/water was potential as a carrier system of vitamin C.

Aging process makes our skin getting thinner and drier. Antioxidant based on nanoemulsion system is favourable because of its effectiveness. This study was conducted to develop nanoemulsion system based on palm olein as a carrier of vitamin E and the physicochemical behaviours of the system were studied. Palm olein as oil phase, polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether (Brij 30) was used as a surfactant and vitamin E as an anti-aging agent. The mixtures of Brij 30 and palm olein at certain ratios were thoroughly mixed and titrated with 5 -95% wt. of water and homogenized by using homogenizer. The Palm olein/Brij 30/Water mixtures that produced a clear solution and no birefringence after observation under polarized light microscopy are labelled as nanoemulsion. Nanoemulsion region was shown in ternary phase diagram. Based on the ternary diagram, these systems were formed at oil: surfactant (O/S) ratio 4:6, 5:5 and 6:4 and 20 -50% wt of water. These systems were then characterized for stability test, particle size, electrical conductivity, viscosity and pH. Stability test was done at three temperatures, which were 4, 25 and 40 °C for one month and four cycles of freeze-thaw at storage temperature for 12 hours at each temperature. The systems were stable and no phase separation was observed. Particle size analysis showed that most systems have a particle size within the range of nanoemulsion (20 -500 nm). Electrical conductivity tests showed that water-in-oil system formed at low water percentage (20 -30% wt. of water) and bicontinuous at a higher percentage (30 -50% wt. of water). Viscosity of both systems vitamin E-loaded and unloaded is very low. All systems have a pH value in a range of 6 -7, which are suitable to be applied to human skin. Based on the physical characteristics of the system, it shows high potential as a vitamin E carrier. Keywords: nanoemulsion, palm olein, vitamin E, ternary phase diagram, anti-aging agent AbstrakProses penuaan menyebabkan kulit kita menjadi semakin nipis dan kering. Antioksida yang berasaskan sistem nanoemulsi lebih digemari kerana kesannya yang lebih berkesan. Penyelidikan ini dijalankan untuk membangunkan sistem berasaskan olein sawit sebagai pembawa vitamin E dibangunkan dan sifat fizikokimianya dikaji. Olein sawit sebagai fasa minyak, polioksietilena (4) lauril eter (Brij 30) digunakan sebagai surfaktan dan vitamin E sebagai bahan aktif. Campuran Brij 30 dan olein sawit dikacau sehingga sebati dan seterusnya dititratkan air sebanyak 5 -95% (berat/berat) dan dihomogenkan menggunakan alat penghomogenan. Campuran Olein Sawit/Brij 30/Air yang menghasilkan larutan jernih dan tiada dwibiasan dilabelkan sebagai nanoemulsi selepas pemerhatian di bawah mikroskop cahaya terkutub. Rantau nanoemulsi ditunjukkan di dalam gambar rajah fasa ternari. Berdasarkan kepada gambar rajah fasa ternari, sistem ini terhasil pada nisbah minyak:surfaktan (M/S) sebanyak 4:6, 5:5 dan 6:4 dengan peratusan air sebanyak 20 -50% (berat/berat). Seterusnya, sistem tersebut dicirikan melalui ujian kestabila...

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