were analysed using the conditional logit model. RESULTS• Participants expressed the strongest preference for the avoidance of urgency incontinence episodes, followed by preference for a reduction in the experience of urinary urgency and the number of micturition episodes. The influence of the likelihood of experiencing an adverse event on treatment preference was also estimated.• Finally, marginal rates of substitution were calculated to demonstrate the relative value of trade-offs between the various attributes.• Treatment preferences were found to be broadly similar across two patient age groups (i.e. under 45 s and 45 and over). CONCLUSION• The study demonstrates that individuals with OAB place significant emphasis on the prospect of reduction in symptoms. Avoidance of incontinence episodes is particularly valued and equivalent to a much greater reduction in the frequency of micturition or experience of urgency. However, even a modest increase in the likelihood of experiencing an adverse event could easily motivate a change in treatment preference.
ObjectiveTo check if mobile health (m-Health) short message service (SMS) can improve the knowledge and practice of the American Diabetic Association preventive care guidelines (ADA guidelines) recommendations among physicians.MethodologyQuasi-experimental pre–post study design with a control group.ParticipantsThe participants of the study were 62 medical officers/medical postgraduate trainees from two hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. Pretested questionnaire was used to collect baseline information about physicians’ knowledge and adherence according to the ADA guidelines. All the respondents attended 1-day workshop about the guidelines. The intervention group received regular reminders by SMS about the ADA guidelines for the next 5 months. Postintervention knowledge and practice scores of 13 variables were checked again using the same questionnaire. Statistical analysis included χ2 and McNemar’s tests for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables. Pearson’s correlation analysis was done to check correlation between knowledge and practice scores in the intervention group. P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsThe total number of participating physicians was 62. Fifty-three (85.5%) respondents completed the study. Composite scores within the intervention group showed statistically significant improvement in knowledge (p<0.001) and practice (p<0.001) postintervention. The overall composite scores preintervention and postintervention also showed statistically significant difference of improvement in knowledge (p=0.002) and practice (p=0.001) between non-intervention and intervention groups. Adherence to individual 13 ADA preventive care guidelines level was noted to be suboptimal at baseline. Statistically significant improvement in the intervention group was seen in the following individual variables: review of symptoms of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia, eye examination, neurological examination, lipid examination, referral to ophthalmologist, and counselling about non-smoking.Conclusionm-Health technology can be a useful educational tool to help with improving knowledge and practice of diabetic guidelines. Future multicentre trials will help to scale this intervention for wider use in resource-limited countries.
Nursing is the backbone of health care delivery system. There are various factors which influence the choice of selecting nursing as profession. Objectives: (1) To find out the socio demographic profile of nurses working at Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital (GTTH) Lahore. (2) To explore the reasons for selection of this profession. Study design: A cross sectional descriptive study. Duration of study: From October 2009 to January 2010. Setting: GTTH, Lahore. Subjects and Methods: All the nurses working in Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore are included in this study and their responses are obtained with a self administered questionnaire. Results: A total of 77 nurses participated in our study. The age distribution of these nurses has shown that a large number of nurses, 49 (63.6%) belonged to age group between 20 to 30 years.There were 26 (33.8%) nurses who had done B. Sc nursing. About 72 nurses (93.5%) have monthly income more than Rs.10,000. Majority of them, 48 (62.3%) are unmarried. 41 (53.2%) of the nurses selected this profession due to their own personal interest, 15 nurses (19.5%) selected this profession due to their parental influence. 12 nurses (15.6%) selected this profession for serving humanity. 9(11.7%) selected thisprofession to support their family. Approximately 25 nurses (32.5%) said that there are other family members working in the same profession. It was noted that out of these 25 nurses, 10 (40%) had their sisters in the same profession. Conclusions: Nursing forms the backbone of health care delivery system of a country. Decision makers in health sector need to understand that human resource development. Particularly Nursingrequires revolutionary changes. As Public health policy makers, it is imperative that we investigate the reasons for selection of nursing profession to attract and retain these important partners in health care provision.
Objective: To determine preferences of medical students for modes of teaching, qualities of a good teacher and assessmenttechniques in medical education. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Setting: Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore. Period:January 2011. Material & Methods: All students of third and fourth year MBBS classes were included in the study (n=127). A pre-testedquestionnaire was used for data collection. A 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1(strongly disagree) to 7(strongly agree) was used to determinestudent’s preferences of teaching styles. The data was recorded using SPSS version 16.0. Descriptive statistics were computed. Results: Thepreferred teaching methods for basic science subjects were skills laboratory 88(70%), followed by problem based learning 70(55%) andinteractive lectures 65(51%). The same teaching methods i.e. skills laboratory 101(80%), problem based learning 89(70%) and interactivelectures 79(62%) were also popular for the teaching of clinical science subjects. The least preferred teaching method for both basic 51(40%)and clinical 58(46%) sciences was didactic lectures. The desirable quality of a good teacher was reported as teaching skills 111(87%) and thepreferred assessment technique was found to be multiple choice questions 90(71%). Conclusions: Students prefer the student centredteaching styles as opposed to the traditional approach. Good teaching skill is the most desirable quality of a teacher and most students like to beassessed by multiple choice questions.
Background: The factors which influence medical students' selection of specific medical specialties have been analyzed by anumber of studies in the literature. However, very few studies have been carried out to ascertain the factors which influence students selectionof the medical profession itself. The literature review did not identify any such study conducted in Pakistan, therefore this particular venturewas undertaken. Objectives: To establish a baseline of factors that affect student's decision in selecting medical profession and to determineif there was a significant difference in factor by gender. Place a n d Duration of Study: Lahore Medical and Dental College, between Januaryand February 2009. Methodology: The present study was a cross-sectional survey in which the first year MBBS class of Lahore Medical andDental College, comprising ninety students were part of the study. Data was collected using a pre-formed structured questionnaire, which waspretested before adoption of the final version. The collected data was analyzed using version 16 of the statistical package for social sciences(SPSS). Data is presented in the form of tables and figures. It is described in the form of frequencies and percentages. Inferential statistics weredone using Fisher Exact test at 5% level. Results: Among 90 respondents, 58(64%) were females, 74(82%) were between 18-20 years of age,81(90%) had their residence in Pakistan, 57(63%) of the respondents' fathers and 26(29%) of their mothers had attained postgraduateeducation. Of the respondents' parents, 29(32%) of the fathers and 12(14%) of the mothers belonged to the medical profession. All studentstaking two attempts at FSc/A-level/American high examination also took two attempts at the entry test to a medical college (p<0.001). A largeproportion 10(59%), of students who attempted the entry test twice had fathers who were doctors. The popular reasons for selection of medicalprofession by the respondents included personal interest (89%), parental wish (58%) and a desire to serve humanity (41%). Among therespondents 100% males had a personal interest in medical profession in contrast to 83% female respondents (p=0.012), 100% malerespondents were influenced by parental wish compared to 34% females (p<0.001), 100% males in contrast to 9% females identifiedhumanitarian concern (p<0.001) as factors influencing selection of medical profession. The prestigious status of the profession, parents beingdoctors, financial incentives, better career opportunities and a better chance to go abroad were the factors identified by only the malerespondents as compared to the female respondents in influencing their choice of medical field (p<0.05). C o n c l u s i o n : The overall frequentchoices for selection of medical profession included personal interest in the profession, parental wish and a desire to serve humanity. Whereas,parents being in the same profession, financial incentives, better career opportunities and the prestige associated with the profession wereidentified as motivating factors by only the male respondents.
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