National constitutions are the basis of our constitutional systems. The question is, however, whether each European constitutional system is the same or whether, on the contrary, they are all unique. The answer is twofold. Of course we might have the same values, the same principles, but we have unique characteristics and we have our own values as well. Each constitutional system has its own specific characteristics, based on the history of the constitutional community and the constitutional system itself. Reactions to certain events in history have shaped the constitutional community and the identity of the constitutional state. On this basis, it is possible to identify specific features that are specific to a given constitutional system, i.e. elements of its identity. At the same time, the constitutional system carries certain social and constitutional values which also define the system itself. We call these constitutional values, which could be different state by state, nation by nation and which created the idea of unity in diversity in Europe.
Symbols and history are closely related. On the one hand, symbols develop through history. The historical origin of the symbols plays a very important, often, a main role in developing their symbolical function. The most well-known symbols, such as coats of arms, flags, or anthems, are all coming with their history that, at least concerning the Hungarian national and state symbols, will be presented in the next chapter. On the other hand, history itself can become a source of symbol. The first approach is the common historical experience of a political community. The nation is one of the most relevant factors for building up the national identity. Similarly, to the language, the religion, the common history, and the common experience of the community (nation) are very important identity determining factors. But as the present chapter proves, history itself can be seen as a symbol. Not because of the history of the symbols, neither thanks to the identity creating role of the historical experience nor by different past events, as they happened, but through the historical narrative, a particular lecture on national history can become a national symbol, which, as it will be demonstrated, is also constitutionally declared.When looking for symbols in national constitutions, more precisely in the Fundamental Law of Hungary, it is obvious that not only constitutional provisions about traditional national or state symbols can retain one's attention. In the Hungarian constitution, the Fundamental Law of Hungary, it is evident that the presentation
33 Ugyan erre irányuló kísérletek felfedezhetők a tagállami alkotmánybíróságok joggyakorlatában. Vö: az identitás tesztje a magyar Alkotmánybíróság 22/2016 (XII. 5.) AB határozatában. 41 Vö.: Hüposztatikus egység, amelyben Jézus Krisztusban az emberi természet egyesült a Fiú isteni személyével, mint létének alapjával. Bővebben lásd: Magyar Katolikus Lexikonhttp://lexikon.katolikus.hu/H/hüposztatikus%20egység.html 42 Az alkotmány fogalmának lehetséges értelmezési lehetőségeit bővebben lásd később a vonatkozó fejezetben. 43 Erről bővebben lásd szintén az értekezés vonatkozó fejezetét.
European Realities in the 21 st CenturyComments on a 'European Review' 1 A handbook entitled European Review is a recent publication of more than 800 pages published (in Hungarian) by the Ludovika University Publishing House in Budapest, edited by László Trócsányi and László Gábor Lovászy. With this book, the authors and editors have aimed for a gap-filling publication: to examine the Member States (MS) of the European Union in terms of their integration processes, according to a set of predefined criteria described below. The editors' point of departure was that the EU MSs are facing new social, political, economic and environmental challenges in the process of globalization. Each MSs responds differently to these in many cases and in others there are some discernible patterns to compare. These responses can be looked at in light of the values of the European Union, but in many cases these values have been interpreted differently in the different MS. The book European Review guides the reader through the 26 current MS of the EU (excluding the editors' home state, Hungary and the United Kingdom) in terms of how they interpret and apply European values in response to the challenges of globalization. This guide is based on 26 country reports; each structured around four thematic areas. These are also examined in detail below. The aim of the authors was to provide an overview of the EU Member States on the issues discussed, based on publicly available, relevant survey and statistical data and analyses (including scientific literature in the different fields as well) prepared by international and EU organisations, institutions and non-governmental organisations. Throughout the book, the different authors refer to the data studied in different languages through more than 4,000 references. 2 The European Review does not seek to treat the same data and trends in the same depth for all countries. Given the amount of information processed, synthesis of the data from the sources studied, identification with their outcomes, or drawing conclusions from them were also not among the intended objectives. The project can be considered as
A nemzeti alkotmánybíróságok és az EUB kapcsolatát, illetve az uniós jog abszolút primátusát a tagállami alkotmányok felett az alkotmányértelmező testületek az európai alkotmányos párbeszéd eszközével igyekeztek és igyekeznek a mai napig a fenntarthatóság medrén belül tartani, míg az e relációk meghatározása iránti igény időközben életre hívta az alkotmányos identitás védelmének szükségességét. Az elmúlt évek tudományos diskurzusában mind többször találkozhattunk a „nyílt kenyértörés” pillanatával, mikor az e testületek közötti viszony meghatározatlanságából fakadóan a testületek és az általuk védelmezett jogforrások összeütköznek. 2020. május 5-én úgy tűnik, hogy a Német Szövetségi Alkotmánybíróság PSPP tárgyában hozott döntésével e pillanat elérkezett, bár talán kevésbé lesznek hevesek az ezt követő folyamatok, mint azt elsőre gondolnánk. A tanulmány bevezetője röviden érinti az EUB és a nemzeti alkotmánybíróságok közötti hatásköri kérdéseket, majd – annak fő részében – e német döntés alkotmányjogi magvának, az integrációért viselt alkotmányos felelősségnek (Integrationsverantwortung) az elemzéséből kiindulva írja le annak elméleti és gyakorlati fontosságát, várható hatásait és utóéletét az alkotmánybíráskodást végző nemzeti fórumok és az EUB közötti kapcsolat vonatkozásában, kitekintve a releváns EUB-gyakorlat megállapításaira is.
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