Passenger and commercial transportation significantly contribute to hazardous air pollution. Exhaust gas after-treatment technology advances closely to the emission regulations throughout the world. The upcoming legislation will be EURO VII in European Union, which requirements are not set yet, but the Solid Particle Number (SPN) diameter range is expected to be more severe compared to EURO VI. This paper will revisit the measurement principle differences between over 10 nm and over 23 nm diameter particles in theory and practical engine bench measurement. Two different types of particle counters have performed the soot particle counting measurement; therefore, the applied sensors are different in terms of applied counting principles. The measurement principles of both devices will be introduced, and the experiment’s result will reflect on the sensor differences. From this, a conclusion can be derived in order to determine the severity of the upcoming EURO VII legislation in terms of SPN, and the experiment will also reflect on the measurement sensor differences. The overall results suggested that extending the lower range of the measurement increases the tailpipe particle emission by 20%, although the DPF filtration efficiency is still over 99%.
Vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines (ICE) are major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. Alternatives such as electric, hydrogen fuel cell and biofuel-based propulsions are being considered as a replacement for the well-established ICE vehicles to reduce GHG emissions and provide sustainable transportation. This paper will compare various heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) propulsion combinations using a well-to-wheel (WTW) analysis, separated into two parts: Well-to-Tank (WTT) and Tank-to-Wheel (TTW). The WTW analysis of ICE HDV is based on a Euro VI heavy-duty test engine coupled to an engine dynamometer. The energy consumption and GHG emissions are measured, not estimated, providing a closer to real-life comparison. The paper will provide a detailed comparison of alternative propulsions to the internal combustion engine based on WTW analysis. Final results suggest, even with the EU’s fairly fossil energy carrier-dependent energy mix, the usage of electric propulsion systems can reach up to 56% of GHG emission cut compared to conventional ICE.
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