The aim of this study was to demonstrate the construct validity of a newly developed cancer screening perception scale as a measure of the perception of cancer screening in general among high-risk but healthy asymptomatic groups.The cancer screening perception scale (CSPS) was developed based on extensive literature reviews guided by The Health Belief Model. Fifty-five written items were initially pooled, reviewed by experts for face validity, pretested by 25 healthcare workers and translated into Malay using simple back translation. The scale was then distributed to 300 respondents from two health clinics for construct validation purposes. The obtained data were analyzed using the varimax rotation method for exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The data was submitted for further confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS software.Based on EFA, the results produced five constructs as predicted: perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and cues for action. Two items with low factor loading and unrelated to the recovered domains were removed. Perceived barriers and cues for action had three and two sub-domains respectively which were further confirmed to fit the measurement and structural models. CFA demonstrated the scale fitted GFI = 0.936, CFI = 0.935, RMSEA = 0.076, NORMEDCHISQ = 2.162. The scale discriminated between the domains. Cronbach's alpha for perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barrier, and cues for action were 0.907, 0.877, 0.940, 0.864 and 0.938, respectively.The cancer screening perception scale with its promising psychometric properties is now available to measure risks to high-risk but healthy, asymptomatic groups aged 18 and above and can also be used for larger scale study purposes.
medical records in the hospital information system. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: A total of 78 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 52.4 and predominantly male (66.6%). Comorbidities identified in this cohort were diabetes mellitus, hypertension and ischemic heart disease bringing to a total of 52.5%, followed by patients with preexisting CKD stage 2 to 4 (23%), retroviral disease (RVD) (7.7%) and there were 2 patients with underlying malignancy. 13 patients (16.7%) had no known medical illness. Main causes of AKI requiring HD in the group with comorbidities were sepsis (56.4%), cardiogenic shock(12.7%), obstructive uropathy(7.7%), trauma related(6.4%), ingestion of traditional medicine and nephrotoxic drugs(6.4%), hypertensive emergency(6.3%), burn related disease(2.5%) and radiocontrast agents(1.6%). Amongst the cohort with no medical illness, non-sepsis cause (medication and trauma related) predominated (76.4%). 17.9% of the study group developed hospital acquired AKI requiring HD. Within 90 days, 39.7% died during hospitalization. Amongst those alive at 90 days, 51.3% achieved full renal recovery, 29.7% were rendered end stage renal disease requiring regular dialysis and 19% were diagnosed with new onset chronic kidney disease or developed progression of their chronic kidney disease but did not require regular dialysis. Conclusion: AKI requiring HD should be identified as a predictor of inpatient mortality and long term morbidity. It is imperative that early recognition and intervention is undertaken to reduce the burden of disease.
Objective: The spread of COVID-19 disease which had been declared as pandemic on 11 th March 2020 currently already affected 212 countries around the world. Thus, the prevention and control measures are being established at national level thru the combined action of containment and mitigation. The aim of this study, to summarize on the rapid response and the public health measure among the Asian countries. Method: A systematic search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science which is published in advanced of 29 th April 2020. The keywords search used 'Rapid response' OR 'public health measures' OR 'public health policies' OR 'preventive measures' AND 'Coronavirus Disease 2019' OR 'COVID-19 ' OR 'novel coronavirus' OR 'SARS-COV2'. The inclusion criteria were English language articles with the availability of full text. Results: There were 43 articles included in this review. Eleven main domains were identified as the public health measures done among the Asian countries, which are screening, quarantine, isolation, contact tracing, repeated sampling, personal protective equipment, personal hygiene and symptom-based screening, social distancing, movement control, border control and disinfection at public places. Conclusion:The rapid response and public health measures are different from one another of these Asian Countries. Thus, which of the prevention and control are effective and feasible can be applied to the other countries in controlling the spread of COVID-19 disease.
Purpose Supplements are commonly used to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, studies on folic acid supplementation have failed to support its benefit with pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Observational data suggest the benefit may be greater for healthy and at-risk individuals, but clinical trials have yet to be presented. The purpose of this paper is to systematically review evidence regarding the effectiveness of folic acid supplementation on homocysteine levels among healthy people who are at risk regarding the primary prevention of heart disease. Methods PubMed, Science Direct, COCHRANE Library, and Clinical Trial.gov were searched from the year 2000 to 2015, with manual searches of references list and gray literature. Two investigators were selected to review fair-and goodquality trials that included healthy participants or healthy with risk, measurements of homocysteine levels and trials reporting at least one of the coronary heart diseases as an outcome. Dual quality assessments and data abstraction protocols were established. Results There are limited new trials that have been published to show the effectiveness in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. This limited evidence has given a strong association regarding the effects of folic acid supplementation in reducing homocysteine levels. However, the effectiveness for its role in the primary prevention of a cardiovascular event is still not proven as being beneficial. Conclusion Limited evidence supports any benefit from folic acid supplementation for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Studies of the combined effect of folic acid with another preventative method of cardiovascular disease will help determine if folic acid supplementation causally reduces the cardiovascular event from the primary level. To prove its effectiveness, future clinical trials need to be performed.
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