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Mango peels extract (MPE) was incorporated into fish gelatin films to determine their physical, barrier, mechanical and antioxidant properties for active food packaging. Films with three different concentrations of MPE (1-5%) were prepared by solution casting method. Films incorporated with MPE showed a decrease (P > 0.05) of water vapor permeability (WVP) and lower (P ≤ 0.05) films solubility. High level of MPE films also exhibited more rigid and less flexible film formation. Colored tint films and a reduction in transparency were due to the hydrogen bond linkages between fish gelatin molecules and phenolic content within the film matrix. Higher free radicals scavenging activities also observed for films with higher concentrations of MPE. This study reveals the benefits of mango by-products incorporated into gelatin based films as a potential material for active packaging.

Recent rapid growth of the world's population has increased food demands. This phenomenon poses a great challenge for food manufacturers in maximizing the existing food or plant resources. Nowadays, the recovery of health benefit bioactive compounds from fruit wastes is a research trend not only to help minimize the waste burden, but also to meet the intensive demand from the public for phenolic compounds which are believed to have protective effects against chronic diseases. This review is focused on polyphenolic compounds recovery from tropical fruit wastes and its current trend of utilization. The tropical fruit wastes include in discussion are durian (Durio zibethinus), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), mango (Mangifera indica L.), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), papaya (Carica papaya), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp), and pineapple (Ananas comosus). Highlights of bioactive compounds in different parts of a tropical fruit are targeted primarily for food industries as pragmatic references to create novel innovative health enhancement food products. This information is intended to inspire further research ideas in areas that are still under-explored and for food processing manufacturers who would like to minimize wastes as the norm of present day industry (design) objective.

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In the present study, ultrasound-assisted extraction of crude oil from winter melon seeds was investigated through response surface methodology (RSM). Process variables were power level (25–75%), temperature (45–55 °C) and sonication time (20–40 min). It was found that all process variables have significant (p < 0.05) effects on the response variable. A central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the optimum process conditions. Optimal conditions were identified as 65% power level, 52 °C temperature and 36 min sonication time for maximum crude yield (108.62 mg-extract/g-dried matter). The antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and fatty acid composition of extract obtained under optimized conditions were determined and compared with those of oil obtained by the Soxhlet method. It was found that crude extract yield (CEY) of ultrasound-assisted extraction was lower than that of the Soxhlet method, whereas antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction were clearly higher than those of the Soxhlet extract. Furthermore, both extracts were rich in unsaturated fatty acids. The major fatty acids of the both extracts were linoleic acid and oleic acid.

Hydro-and lipo-soluble bioactive compounds, such as anthocyanins and carotenoids, in tamarillo juice were microencapsulated using different wall materials, such as maltodextrin (MD), n-octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch, from waxy maize for high load encapsulation (OSA 1), low viscosity gum Arabic alternative (OSA 2), resistant maltodextrin (RMD) and gum Arabic (GA). The wall materials were characterized according to their physicochemical and functional properties, molecular weight distribution and encapsulation efficiency using X-ray diffractometry. The tamarillo powders obtained after spray drying were evaluated for their physicochemical and thermal properties, phenolic content, flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity and storage stability. Although there were significant differences in terms of the encapsulation efficiencies of the wall materials, yield, physical properties and storage stability of the spray dried powders, all of the wall materials successfully encapsulated the hydro-and lipo-soluble bioactive compounds. The viscosity, amorphous region and molecular weight of the wall material had positive influences on the encapsulation efficiency, powder properties and storage stability of the encapsulated tamarillo juice. The storage stability of the powders depended on their water activity, hygroscopicity and glass transition temperature (Tg). The tamarillo powders showed greater anthocyanin and carotenoid degradation in the presence of light at 25 °C compared to the powders stored in the dark at 4 °C. GA and OSA 1 resulted in the highest encapsulation efficiency for both the hydro-and lipo-soluble bioactive compounds, while OSA 1 and MSB showed the greatest storage stability. Reductions in the antioxidant activity, phenolic content and flavonoid content during storage will contribute to the degradation of anthocyanins and carotenoids.

Pectin from different fractions of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel was extracted using 1% citric acid and the physico-chemical characteristics of the pectin were studied. The highest pectin yield (26.38% on dry weight basis) was obtained from fresh inner layer of the peel when extraction was carried out at temperature: 73 °C, time: 67 min, pH: 2.03, and sample to citric acid ratio: 1:4 (w/v). The pectin also demonstrated the highest degree of esterification (63.74%) when compared with pectin from other fractions of the dragon fruit peel investigated in this study. The calculated degree of esterification confirmed that the extracted pectin is a high methoxyl pectin. The molecular weight of the pectin determined using size exclusion chromatography was 0.88 × 105 Da. Monosaccharide composition determined using high performance liquid chromatography revealed that the pectin was predominantly constituted of galacturonic acid (39.11%), followed by moderate concentrations of mannose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose and minor amounts of xylose and arabinose. The pectin exhibited Newtonian behaviour at concentrations of 0.5% and 1.0%, and pseudoplastic behaviour at concentrations of 2.0% and 3.0%. Although the viscosity of the dragon fruit peel pectin was lower than that of commercial apple and citrus pectins, it can be used as a functional and health ingredient in low viscous foods and beverages.

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