In humid forests in Southeast Asia, many species from dozens of plant families flower gregariously and fruit synchronously at irregular multi-year intervals1–4. Little is known about how climate change will impact these community-wide mass reproductive events. Here, we perform a comprehensive analysis of reproductive phenology and its environmental drivers based on a monthly reproductive phenology record from 210 species in 41 families in Peninsular Malaysia. We find that the proportion of flowering and fruiting species decreased from 1976 to 2010. Using a phenology model, we find that 57% of species in the Dipterocarpaceae family respond to both drought and low-temperature cues for flowering. We show that low-temperature flowering cues will become less available in the future in the RCP2.6 and 8.5 scenarios, leading to decreased flowering opportunities of these species in a wide region from Thailand to the island of Borneo. Our results highlight the vulnerability of and variability in phenological responses across species in tropical ecosystems that differ from temperate and boreal biomes.
In humid forests in Southeast Asia, many species from dozens of plant families flower gregariously and fruit synchronously at irregular multi-year intervals. Little is known about how climate change will impact these community-wide mass reproductive events. Here, we perform a comprehensive analysis of reproductive phenology and its environmental drivers based on a monthly reproductive phenology record from 210 species in 41 families in peninsular Malaysia. We find that the proportion of flowering and fruiting species decreased from 1976 to 2010. Using a phenology model with inputs obtained from general circulation models, we show that low-temperature flowering cues became less available during the monitoring period and will further decrease in the future, leading to decreased flowering opportunities in 57% of species in the Dipterocarpaceae family. Our results highlight the vulnerability of and variability in phenological responses across species in tropical ecosystems that differ from temperate and boreal biomes.
In any proteomic studies, protein extraction and sample preparation are the most crucial steps for obtaining optimal results. This is to ensure extracted proteins are not only high in yield but also clean from contaminants that could affect downstream proteomic applications such as two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry. Tissues from plants and trees such as Swietenia macrophylla are often rich in non-protein contaminating substances, which could interfere in the proteomic applications. S. macrophylla or also known as the mahogany is one of the most valuable tree species in the world. Studies on proteins for this tree as well as its seeds are very limited. We have extracted proteins from S. macrophylla seeds (specifically embryo tissues) using three different methods, each having different lysis buffer recipes. Furthermore, another set of samples were precipitated using trichloroacetic acid/acetone prior to the three extraction methods to further purify the protein samples. The results from 2-DE analysis showed approximately 240 protein spots were detected from the successful protocol using a lysis buffer of 9 M urea, 4% CHAPS, 0.5% triton X-100 and 100 mM DTT without TCA/acetone precipitation. This study highlights the aspects of sample preparation for S. macrophylla embryos, focusing on the total protein extraction and resolution in SDS-PAGE as well as 2-DE. Furthermore, this is the very first report of the proteome 2DE profile from S. macrophylla embryo.
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