The increase of health and environmental consciousness has motivated the effort of technology improvement on lubrication by finding and exploring another potential alternative to replace mineral-based metalworking fluids. Due to this concern, vegetable-based oils have been recognised as an ideal lubricating base oil in machining due to low toxicity, biodegradable, and renewable energy sources. Moreover, nanofluids have attracted enormous attention in the field of lubrication due to excellent physical and chemical properties that can enhance tribological characterisation. The objective of the current work is to develop a new formulation of nanofluids in modified jatropha oil (MJO) by adding hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and graphene nanoparticle additives at the lowest concentration (0.01, 0.025. and 0.05 wt. %). The physicochemical tests in terms of kinematic viscosity and viscosity index were conducted and compared with synthetic ester (SE). Tribology testing was conducted through four-ball test to determine the coefficient of friction, mean wear scar diameter, and friction torque. The result shows a significant improvement of MJO samples by adding nanoparticle additives compared to the SE. MJOg2 (MJO + 0.025 wt. % of graphene) exhibited excellent tribological behaviour by providing the lowest coefficient of friction and friction torque. Meanwhile, MJOh1 (MJO + 0.01 wt. % of hBN) provided with a smaller mean wear scar diameter among other lubricant samples. Conclusively, the addition of nanoparticle additives significantly enhanced the tribological characteristics and is highly suitable as a substitute for SE.
Nonedible vegetable-based oil was recently explored due to the demand for a sustainable element in a machining process. The aim of this study is to critically analyse the tribological performance of nanofluid from nonedible (modified jatropha oil, MJO) nanofluid added with activated carbon nanoparticles. The tribology test was conducted through four-ball test using various concentration ratios of nanoparticles. According to the findings, MJOa2 (0.025wt.% activated carbon in MJO) showed the lowest coefficient of friction and mean wear scar diameter, produced a smoother surface with low surface roughness value, followed by MJOa3 (0.05wt.% activated carbon in MJO), MJOa1 (0.01wt.% activated carbon in MJO) and synthetic ester (SE). Therefore, MJOa2 was considerably suitable for metalworking fluid application which emphasizing the element of sustainability.
As machining operation is getting crucial, thus nanotechnology has been considered in providing more effective performance to reduce friction coefficient and wear protection of both workpiece and tool. This study investigated effect of an inclusion of solid nanoparticle additives such hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), graphene, copper oxide (CuO) at 0.05 wt.% concentration in modified jatropha (MJO) based oil. The performance of nanofluids was evaluated by conducting friction and wear test via four-ball test as well as machining process through orthogonal cutting process. The attained results were then compared with synthetic ester. This present study revealed the MJO nanofluids (MJO + 0.05 wt.% hBN, MJO + 0.05 wt.% graphene and MJO + 0.05 wt.% CuO) showed higher lubrication performance as compared to the commercial synthetic ester in term of physical properties and tribological behaviour. This condition resulted in the excellent machining performance which was explained by the reduction in maximum cutting temperature, chip thickness, effect of morphology chip and tool-chip contact length. Therefore, the MJO nanofluids can be considered as a potential sustainable metalworking fluid to replace the usage of the currently used synthetic ester in machining operation.
Recently, manufacturing industries have concerned about the utilization of mineral-based metalworking fluids because of the numerous deleterious impacts on the health of workers and the environment as well as the shortage of mineral resources. Due to this scenario, the vegetable-based oils have emerged the researchers’ attention as a suitable replacement for the mineral based metalworking fluids since it is highly biodegradable, low toxicity and renewable resources. Nevertheless, the main problem of the utilization of the vegetable-based oils is that it shows poorer thermal and oxidative stability. The great development technologies had influenced the application of the nanofluids by adding the nanoparticles additives to the base oil as it gives better physical and properties, thus improved the tribological behavior. This study focuses on developing a new green synthesis and formulation of nanofluids from chemically modified jatropha oil by blending with nanoparticles additives such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and graphene at the minimum concentrations (0.01, 0.025 and 0.05 wt.%). The physical testing such as kinematic viscosity, viscosity index and flash point were conducted and compared with commercial synthetic ester (SE). Then, tribological testing was performed by using four ball tribo test and analyses in terms of coefficient of friction, worn surface analysis and surface roughness. From the results, the sample of MJOs had showed an enhancement by providing higher viscosity index. The results demonstrate that MJOg2 provided the lowest coefficient of friction while MJOh3 and MJOg3 had smoother worn surface as it has lowest value of surface roughness in comparison with others sample. It can be concluded that the MJO samples have high potential substitution to mineral-based oil as a sustainable metalworking fluid in machining processes.
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