: Background: Aggression is the most significant psychopathological risk factor. It is a multifaceted construct and can affect students’ social, mental and physical health. The present study was conducted to investigate factors associated with aggression among elementary school girls and boys using the theoretical framework of Social Cognitive Theory in Kermanshah city, Iran. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted on 900 students, including 445 girls and 455 boys, 563 parents and 104 elementary school teachers in the fourth, fifth and sixth educational grades in Kermanshah city in 2018. The proportionate stratified random sampling was used. The Adolescent Peer Relations Instrument (APRI) was used to measure aggression. To measure the variables of social cognitive theory, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics via the SPSS software. Results: It was showed that 29% and 10% of the students had moderate and high levels of aggression, respectively. Also, 30.6% of them were moderate victims and 45.6% were intense victims. Self-efficacy (p less than 0.001), perceived social norms (p=0.011), observational learning (p less than 0.001), outcome expectations (p=0.027), outcome expectancies (p=0.028) and per-ceived situational (p less than 0.001) were reported as the significant predictors of aggressive behaviors in the students based on the Social Cognitive Theory constructs. In total, they explained for 37.3% of changes in aggressive behaviors. Parents’ knowledge (p=0.005), parents’ attitude (p=0.012), teachers’ attitude (p less than 0.001), and teachers’ self-efficacy (p=0.021) had statistically significant relationships with aggression in the students. Conclusions: Aggression among children and adolescents is getting alarmingly prevalent. The Social Cogni-tive Theory is the appropriate framework for the prediction of aggression behaviors in children and adolescents. Therefore, designing and implementing educational interventions based on this theory can help with the management of aggression in children and adolescents.
School violence and bullying are considered a serious concern worldwide. Evidence shows that applying the Health Promoting Schools (HPS) framework could be effective in reducing school bullying. While there have been significant efforts to evaluate school-based anti-bullying interventions in the world, the implementation process and the effectiveness of this framework in reducing bullying in schools have not been previously evaluated in Iran. This mixed methods study was carried out using simultaneously a cross-sectional (900 students, 104, teachers/school executive staff, and 563 parents) and qualitative study (24 policy makers and teachers/school executive staff) to examine the implementation and effect of counseling and mental health services component of the Iranian Health Promoting School (IHPS) in 2017–2018. Results revealed that there were weaknesses in the implementation of all six elements of anti-bullying programs. A lack of any clean policy toward school violence and bullying, lack of priority set by local decision makers and principals of schools, logistical problems with providing training and supplying counseling resources, limited funding, and presence of competing issues and problems facing the schools were identified as barriers to implement violence and bullying prevention programs in schools. Results also showed that there were no significant differences between non-IHPS and IHPS in students’ bullying behaviors ( p = .228) and scores of leadership, the school environment, capacity, partnership, services and support, and evidence ( p > .05). It is essential to revise the content and how to implement anti-bullying programs in schools.
Background and Objectives: Despite associating regular breakfast consumption habits with a range of health benefits, the rate of skipping the meal is high. The present study was conducted to determine the factors associated with breakfast consumption among female students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences based on the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out on 423 female students in different faculties of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Participants were selected through multistage random sampling. The frequency of breakfast consumption and SCT variables, including knowledge, hope, outcome expectancies, observational learning, social support and self-efficacy, was measured using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS-16 using the chi-square test, the correlation test and the linear regression analysis. Results: 24% of the students stated that they always ate breakfast. 10% of the students skipped breakfast. On average, the students ate breakfast 4.2 times a week. Self-efficacy (P<0.001) and social support (P<0.001) were good predictors of breakfast consumption in the students. These two variables were able to predict 64% of the variance in breakfast habits Conclusion: The results show that self-efficacy and social support should be targeted in the design of interventions intending to increase breakfast consumption among female university students.
Materials and Methods: Electronic search using Farsi and English key words was performed in data bases such as Information Bank Country (Magiran), Scientific Information Database (SID), PubMed, Science direct, Web of Science, and Biomed central from the beginning of March 2015 until the end of April 2016.Results: A total of seven study were performed using the health education theory and models and five studies were done without the use of theories and models of health education interventions. Conclusions:Using multiple and different educational levels and also apply the models and theories of education and health promotion have effective influences on behavioral functions of individuals.
Background & objectives: Primary health services are inseparable part of health care system in each country and the assessment of quality of life is fundamental in the evaluation of healthcare system's quality. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of primary healthcare services and its effect on quality of life in the recipients of these services in a health center and its subsection offices. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted on 219 recipients of health services in a health center and its six subsection offices in 2016. Data collection tools were SF-36 questionnaire of life quality and a researcher-made questionnaire based on principles and components of primary healthcare. Data were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient, Krus-Kal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests in SPSS-20 software. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the primary healthcare service was 42.66±16.25. 58% of participants reported the good quality of primary healthcare services, 32% reported it as medium, and 10% as low. There were significant relationships between the quality of primary healthcare services with some subcomponents of SF-36 questionnaire including Pain (r= -0.208, p=0.002), global health (r= 0.423, p<0.001), and physical health (r= -0.301, p<0.001). Conclusion: The quality of primary healthcare services was higher than average and correlated with the quality of life in the recipients. With the correct assessment of the quality of life, it is possible to assess the quality of primary health services, however using objective methods alongside the questionnaires is necessary to have a more precious study.
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