This version is distributed under a non-commencial no derivatives Creative Commons (CC-BY-NC-ND) user license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and not used for commercial purposes. Further, the restriction applies that if you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.Please cite this publication as follows: Biological activities of flavonoids in vivo ultimately depend on the systemic 3 bioavailability of the aglycones and their metabolites. We aimed to develop physiologically based 4 kinetic (PBK) models to predict plasma concentrations of the flavonoid quercetin and its 5 metabolites in individual human subjects and to define species differences compared with male 6 rat. The human models were developed based on in vitro metabolic parameters derived from 7 incubations with pooled and 20 individual human tissue fractions and by fitting kinetic 8 parameters to available in vivo data. The outcomes obtained were compared to a previously 9 developed model for quercetin and its metabolites formation in male rat. Quercetin-3´-O-10 glucuronide was predicted to be the major circulating metabolite in 19 out of 20 individuals, 11 while in male rat di-and tri-conjugates of quercetin containing a glucuronic acid, sulfate and/or 12 methyl moiety are the major metabolites. Significant species differences occur in major 13 circulating metabolites of quercetin suggesting that rat is not an adequate model to study effects 14 of quercetin in man. The defined PBK models can be used to guide the experimental design of in 15 vitro experiments with flavonoids, especially to better take into account the relevance of 16 metabolism and the contribution of metabolites to the biological activity in humans.
In this work, a planar monopole ultrawideband (UWB) antenna with continuously tunable notch band feature is presented. The designed antenna, which has a compact size of 36.6 × 26 × 1 mm 3 , is fabricated on a low-cost FR4 substrate and comprises a circular radiating patch with four rectangular defects, a microstrip feed line, and a partial ground plane to cover the UWB frequency band extending from 3.1 GHz to 12.5 GHz. A semi-elliptical slot is etched out from the circular patch to create the first notch band at 3.6 GHz (WiMAX) in the UWB spectrum. The second notch band is created by embedding an annular slot on the circular patch loaded with a varactor diode to continuously tune the notch frequency from 5.6 GHz to 7.7 GHz in upper WLAN and X-band. To investigate the implementation feasibility of the designed UWB antenna, a prototype is fabricated and experimentally tested.
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