Atmospheric effects have been studied widely in many settings to determine human behaviours towards the environment stimuli in enclosed buildings. The aim of this paper is to discuss a synthesis of 30 studies in the past 20 years on atmospheric effects towards human behaviours in the commercial environment. The synthesis includes variables used as environment stimuli that widely used in past studies and the effects. In summary, spatial layout, colour, scent, lighting and music are the most discussed variables in atmospheric studies and atmospheric stimuli affected human behaviours through emotion, satisfaction, and behavioural intentions.
A street network-friendly design allows walkability among people and is proven beneficial to the environment, community health, and economy of the city. Walkability in a street network increases potential trips by pedestrians through sidewalks and linked streets to create shorter travel distances. Street designs for pedestrian walkways are commonly ignored, with more focus on vehicular access, consequently leading to a lack of effort in improving the street network designs linked to various destinations. Accordingly, this paper reviews the street network designs affecting walkability from the perspective of the urban community. A systematic literature review method was employed to identify and analyse the articles published in the Sciencedirect.com database between 2004 and 2020 using two keywords: street network design and walkable city. The main finding suggested that street networks were associated with proper street designs. Therefore, a walkable city developed from a thriving street network design improved local physical activities and healthy communities.
The relationship between design and nature has been intertwined for the past 400 years. Throughout history, designers have adopted nature to build shapes, forms, and ornamentation without understanding nature's behavior biomimicry. Nature's behavior biomimicry is a method that applies solutions to human problems by analyzing natural designs, processes, and systems. This innovative method refers to nature as an inspiration to solve design challenges. The method is the new science that studies nature as a model and inspiration to imitate the design and process of solving human problems. However, there is a lack of widespread and practical application of biomimicry as a design method; architecture commonly uses biology as a library of shapes, which is not biomimicry. Among the levels of biomimicry, the organism level is widely applied as a design tool to achieve a design solution. This paper reviews published research on the applications of biomimicry level, including its formative elements. Organism, behavior, and ecosystem level are mostly inspired or applied in the biomimicry concept. The content analysis was carried out to examine the published research articles on different perspectives of biomimicry and its application in design. The findings produce three levels of biomimicry that can serve as a regenerative design. There is a growing need for designs that work with nature to create a regenerative built environment, and designers can no longer ignore the relevance of bio-inspired theories and approaches to achieve a more sustainable future.
The increased societal attention and urgency towards combating global climate change and transitioning the position towards Low Carbon Cities (LCC) has prompted many green initiatives developed by government agencies including schools to seek solutions through promoting eco-school planning development as part of the Environmental Education (EE) awareness being emphasis in curricula. This research explores the underlying mechanism of the greening elements as one of the planning initiatives which enable the inclusion of how low carbon practice action plans can be conducted in school. The methodology adopted emphasized the ground case study at Sekolah Kebangsaan Tangok, Bachok, Kelantan to testify to the integration of theory and practice of sustainable low carbon in the school community with environmental education. Such integration draws on attention to contextual knowledge of reducing carbon dioxide emissions as one of the most important factors in the implementation and execution of greening components for a sustainable school program. The discussion of findings concentrated on the implementation of greening strategies from sustainable landscape design and framework for carbon measures from three components, which are the trajectory of low carbon target, benefits analysis matrix, and constraint analysis that can be implemented in school to track the level of CO2 emissions and sequestration. This research provides a significant contribution in creating ‘commercialized’ environmental knowledge to the school communities that paved the way towards transition for Low Carbon Society as the social sustainable strategy that inculcates climate change adaptation for the future generation.
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