This study focuses on assessing pedestrian walking characteristics on sidewalks. The fundamental relationships of flow – speed – density were investigated and analysed in Samawah city. The video recording method was implemented to observe pedestrian characteristics such as flow and speed at four survey sites. These data were used to develop mathematical models that figure the aforementioned relationships. To obtain the best fitting of each relationship, the coefficient of determination R2 was calculated. The results of this study were compared with the other research outputs. Finally, the level of service boundaries for pedestrians’ movements on sidewalks were defined.
Recently, the use of plastic in many products has led to a huge amount of plastic waste, which is typically difficult to treat and expensive to recycle. This problem has been considered by many researchers and environmental organizations as requiring serious considerations about recycling and reusing plastic waste in different fields, such as asphalt mixtures. In this paper, aggregate passing a 4.75-mm sieve was replaced by 5, 7, 9, and 11% of plastic bottles used for drinking purposes. The dry method was adopted in this work, and the changes in the mixture’s volumetric properties were investigated using the Marshall method. A repeated indirect tensile load test was also conducted to determine the mixture’s resilient modulus. Marshall’s stability, air voids, unit weight, flow, and voids in mineral aggregates were examined. The results were compared and analyzed with the base sample. It was observed that adding plastic decreased aggregate consumption and reduced the optimum asphalt content (OAC). Additionally, the volumetric properties of the mixture improved and its service life was extended after adding plastic. It was also observed that the value of the resilient modulus (RM) increased when the percentage of added plastic increased as well. Reuse of plastic in asphalt mixtures achieves the concept of an environmentally friendly solution in the transportation area because it reduces the amount of asphalt and aggregates and reduces the costs of recycling plastic. Moreover, the optimal plastic content in this paper was achieved at 11%. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-04-012 Full Text: PDF
Waste incineration (WI) is the most popular method of hospital waste (HW) disposal in many developing countries. Most hospitals generate large quantities of toxic and persistent waste, which are managed by burning in incinerators. Basically, high concentrations of heavy metal in the food chain are generated from ash residue after burning process. As a result, these concentrations lead to harmful effects on the public health as well as environment. This study aims to investigate the concentrations of heavy metal in the ash of incinerated waste HW1 and HW2 that generated in two hospitals at Samawah and Rumaitha cities, respectively. Ash samples were collected within three months from medium and small incinerators. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe and Zn metals were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The concentrations of heavy metal were sorted in descending order as follows: Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd. For both hospital waste, the Fe level was ranged between 76.6 and 25.3 μg/g while other metal levels were varied as follows: Cd (4.6-1.4 μg/g), Zn (35.6-5.6 μg/g) and Cu (17.2-4.0 μg/g). The concentration of Pb in HW2 was found relatively higher than in HW1. The concentration of Pb was varied as (21.6-7.5 μg/g) in HW2 and (15.6-5.4 μg/g) in HW1. Whereas the Cr and Ni concentrations were found as (14.7-1.1 μg/g) and (6.717-3.3 μg/g) in HW1 and HW2, respectively. According to the EPA Law, the concentrations of all samples exceeded the maximum permissible heavy metal levels and can be classified as toxic and risky levels.
Water, and related wastewater structures, are critical factors in the existence and the improvement of civilizations. Wastewater gathering and management has a considerable effect on the climate and economy at both regional and global level, and, accordingly, it is appropriate to advance actions that guarantee effective management for wastewater, particularly in urban areas. This research thus examined the environmental and economic aspects of proposed locations for wastewater treatment plants. Samawah city, located in the southern part of Iraq, was selected as a case study for the research methodology, and for research purposes, the studied city was divided into three main zones (1, 2, and 3) of sixteen areas. The Google Earth tool was used to calculate the lowest elevations in the studied zones in order to assess the suggested positions of treatment plants. Additionally, the WinQSB program was utilised to select the most appropriate positions for treatment plants based on data obtained from local government departments. These data include population, water consumption, and required lengths and subsequent cost of pipes. This research thus developed a new strategy for assigning the locations of wastewater treatment plants.
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