A field study was carried out at Tangkak, Malaysia regarding Oryctes rhinoceros's infestation and its natural enemies after being treated with selected pesticides from January until October 2017. The objective of this study to examine the effect of different insecticides usages with the presences of Oryctes rhinoceros including unteated area and population of Oryctes's natural enemy in the oil palm areas of smallholders. Three treatments with four replicates were applied in the selected oil palm area, namely Cypermethrin, Carbofuran and Untreated (without chemical). Twelve smallholders with three different insecticides used were chosen randomly and twelve samples were taken as replicates. Effects of the beetles' population over the chemical's treatments were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) (SPSS-version 23). The results dramatically revealed that the least presence of Oryctes rhinoceros was detected at Untreated area with total mean of 0.21, followed by Carbofuran with total mean of 2.63 and Cypermethrin with 3.12. The result of this study indicated that Oryctes rhinoceros in Tangkak, Johor has developed resistance to the insecticides used by the growers due to high frequency of similar type of chemical. These insecticides had no significant effect towards the natural enemy found in oil palm area in Tangkak which is Platymeris laevicollis. These natural enemies also showed no relationship directly with the presences of Oryctes rhinoceros due to low diversity of plant species or particularly lack of shelter.
Interaction among arthropods (insect-acarine) was investigated at all trophic levels in agro-ecosystem and affects the population dynamic and diversification of arthropod pests and intensity of natural enemy (parasitism) as well as stimulates the plant chemical defence. In the present study of two cropping periods, nutrient concentration and early infestation of plant-sucking pests are known to trigger different degrees of interactions (plant's parameters) which potentially alert abundance and diversity of the insect pests. Clearer interaction and magnitude of impact could be assessed (multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and redundancy analysis (RDA)) and observed between arthropods (insect-acarine) community and plants' parameters from the strongest to the lowest effects. The two factors could have affected the community of insect-pests with various degrees of pressure effect and interaction that occurred naturally, thus leading to the predictable abundance of insect-acarine populations under eggplant leaves in response to plant physical characteristics (e.g., size of leaves, number of leaves and plant height) and biochemical constituents (flavonoid, phenolic, peroxidase and β-1,3-glucanase). Based on multivariate analyses of multitrophic interaction, MANOVA and RDA have the potential to elucidate the complex interaction among plant performance, abundance of pests and activity chemical defence compounds. Both analyses interpreted similar interactions of measured parameters in different ways. Whitefly population in this study was predictable by aphids, thrips and total phenolic contents in eggplant. Eggplant has capable defence systems against insect-acarine pests after stimulation (pre-infestation). In relation to IPM strategy, early stages of plant growth are known as susceptible periods for pests attack but the plant becomes more tolerant during the fruiting stage.
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