A Southeast Asian firefly with distinctively bent wings is called Pteroptyx tener. This species is a valuable ecotourism resource in Malaysia because it attracts visitors with its synchronised nocturnal flashing in great numbers on mangrove trees and shrubs. Discovering more on the distribution of aggregating fireflies in Malaysia is the aim of the study. The objectives of this review include the awareness to protect fireflies and their habitats in Malaysia, as well as identifying the type of mangroves and utilising GIS in the process of mapping the location for fireflies in Malaysia. On the other side, it has been noted that firefly numbers are declining. Using GIS approach, it is possible to identify the precise type of mangrove that fireflies need as a congregating site based on the intensity and abundance of fireflies in the surrounding region of the study area. All of these plant species may be found in Peninsular Malaysia regularly in riparian areas, and the majority of them have a connection to fireflies. The mangrove trees along riparian areas are the best places for fireflies to develop their habitat as a source of food and as a location to breed. Despite its low prominence, Lampyridae has a big impact on locals' quality of life and, as a result, the local economy. Throughout Peninsular Malaysia, thousands of these amazing insects carry out their nighttime flashing rituals on riverside trees.
The issue of Land Use (LU) change has received considerable critical attention because it is one of the most significant factors caused by human activities worldwide. Recent critical changes in this direction have affected urban hydrology. LU change affects water resources and hydrological characteristics such as runoff and urban flooding. The development of LU causes a rapid increase in impermeable surfaces, increasing the flooding rate. LU also plays a vital role in extending water drainage, groundwater intrusion, and flooding during and after rainfall. This paper aims to investigate LU change impacts on runoff and urban flooding. This review focused on most articles, conference papers, and book chapters published in SCOPUS, including Google Scholar. The study was limitation to the last published from 2017-2021 and also extended some published theories for different years published. In addition, in the short and long term, the development of LU affects the environment, and most factors are involved at a catchment level. However, there is a strong relationship between human activities at the catchment level and runoff. The study concluded that LU strongly influences topography and the landscape in arid, semi-arid, and humid zones. This is why runoff and water distribution happen in urban areas. Furthermore, this study found that builtup area is a critical factor that increases urban flood risk, especially in lowlands along floodplains. It is common for the frequency of floods to become more severe due to a rapid increase in impervious surfaces brought on by urbanisation, increasing runoff. The review concludes that runoff affects by catchment size and its condition. Finally, humans can be reduced runoff and flood risk with a sensibility strategy.
Pteroptyx tener is a distinctive bent-winged firefly found in Southeast Asia. This species is an ecotourism attraction in Malaysia because tourists enjoy their synchronous flashing in large numbers on the mangrove trees and shrubs at night. The most known states for firefly studies are Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Terengganu, Sarawak and Sabah in the meantime. This study aims to study the distribution of congregating fireflies in Malaysia. The objectives of the study are to identify the need to sustain the fireflies and their habitat in Malaysia, to describe the characteristics of their habitats and the usage of GIS in preserving and conserving the habitats of firefly. Regarding the potential economic benefits for local communities from firefly ecotourism, for example in Kuala Selangor, Kuala Sepetang and Rembau-Linggi, human activities have started to affect the habitats of the firefly Pteroptyx tener in Malaysia. The general opinion is that, due to habitat loss and degradation anthropogenic sources, firefly populations in these areas have decreased over the years. Five distinct vegetation assemblages comprising different combinations of four species of mangroves were defined. Shorter display sections of P. tener colonies had greater percentage coverage. However, the vegetation assemblage which consisting of mainly Sonneratia casseolaris and Nypa fruticans was the most preferred type. Resulting in the necessity to consider not only a single mangrove species but the entire vegetation assemblage for firefly conservation.
A field survey of synchronized fireflies (Pteroptyx tener Olivier) was conducted in Kuala Sepetang, Perak. It involved sampling efforts for six months, from November 2021 to April 2022. A total of 10 sampling stations were selected along 5.63 km from the upstream to the downstream of the river. A sweep net was used for sampling at each station, and the net was swept for two minutes. Such sampling was replicated twice at each station. At the same time, collecting vegetation samples was done by taking the leaves, flowers, fruits, tree trunks, and roots. For species identification, collected specimens were taken to the Laboratory of the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). From this survey, a total of 111,622 individuals were recorded. This species has been observed on Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia caseolaris. The distribution and abundance of fireflies in the sampling area were undocumented prior to this study. This study is being conducted to understand Pteroptys tener’s distribution in Malaysia better and to add knowledge about the undocumented area of Kuala Sepetang. By adding an undocumented location for this species, this study can contribute to and expand the knowledge of the distribution and occurrence of fireflies in Malaysia, particularly in Perak.
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