Collagen is key component of extracellular matrix for human and animals. It can be extracted and applied for various field especially in tissue engineering as main component for wound healing. Collagen especially type I collagen is used in skin regeneration process due to its high compatibility with donor site and low antigenicity besides of having suitable properties for wound healing like high cell proliferation and adhesion. However, the usage of collagen alone would not give maximum wound healing since collagen degrades faster, has poor structure for a scaffold and attracts bacteria due to high moisture content. Therefore, to produce a good collagen scaffold, it must be incorporated with functional biomaterials to enhance the characteristic of the collagen and fabricated for a better scaffold structure. The objective of this systematic review is to summarize the relevant literature for in vitro study on collagen application in wound healing by focusing on the source of collagen, biomaterials and fabrication methods used in making collagen scaffold. Three databases were searched; PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct. Keywords used were: collagen, recombinant collagen, collagen scaffold, application and wound healing. A total of 1105 were articles screened but only 50 articles were suitable and were further reviewed. Collagen in wound healing study has versatility in terms of the source of collagen used, the biomaterials combined with the collagen to make an enhanced scaffold, and the fabrication methods to create a desirable structure of collagen scaffold.
This study aims to document species presence and distribution of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in Malaysia. Several coral reef habitats in Peninsular Malaysia, West Malaysia and Sabah, East Malaysia were selected as study sites. In summary, the present data showed the presence of 50 species of sea cucumbers from three orders and seven genera, with 34 species require further species identification. It was found that Order Aspidochirotida in general and genus Holothuria in particular were the major species classes. The most dominant species in Malaysia was Holothuria leucospilota. As many as 37 species were found in Sabah, 21 species were recorded in Peninsular Malaysia and 10 species were present in both regions. Of 15 Actinopyga species, 14 species recorded were from Sabah. These findings may be due to the extensive distribution of coral reefs and low level of marine pollution. However, the possibility of biogeography factors within and out of the Sunda Platform area cannot be ruled out. In contrast, low level of species diversity was observed in few study sites in Peninsular Malaysia especially in Langkawi Island possibly due to anthropogenic threats. Future studies including more study sites and molecular phylogeny are to be incorporated in order to obtain better view on the presence and distribution of sea cucumbers in Malaysia. ABSTRAKKajian ini bertujuan untuk mendokumentasi kewujudan dan taburan spesis timun laut (Ekinodermata: Holothuroidea) di Malaysia. Beberapa habitat batu karang di Semenanjung Malaysia, Malaysia Barat dan Sabah, Malaysia Timur telah dipilih sebagai kawasan kajian. Sebagai rumusan, data terkini menunjukkan kehadiran 50 spesis timun laut dari tiga order dan tujuh genus di seluruh Malaysia, di mana 34 spesis memerlukan pengesahan lanjut. Order Aspidokirotida amnya dan genus Holothuria khususnya menunjukkan kehadiran spesis yang tertinggi. Holothuria leucospilota secara bandingannya adalah spesis paling dominan di Malaysia. Sebanyak 37 spesis telah dijumpai di Sabah, 21 spesis direkodkan di Semenanjung Malaysia dan 10 spesis ditemui di kedua-dua kawasan tersebut. Daripada 15 spesis Actinopyga yang direkodkan, 14 spesis adalah dari Sabah. Penemuan ini mungkin disebabkan taburan batu karang yang luas dan tahap pencemaran laut yang rendah. Walau bagaimanapun, kebarangkalian faktor-faktor biogeografi di dalam atau di luar Pentas Sunda perlu diambilkira. Sebaliknya, kepelbagaian spesis di beberapa kawasan di Semenanjung Malaysia didapati rendah terutamanya di Pulau Langkawi kemungkinan disebabkan oleh ancaman manusia. Kajian lanjut melibatkan lebih banyak kawasan kajian dan filogeni molekul akan dijalankan pada masa hadapan untuk mendapatkan gambaran lebih jelas mengenai kehadiran dan taburan timun laut di Malaysia.
Many ingredients derived from animal have been distributed widely in foods, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic formulations which may invites issues due to religious restrictions. Thus, the species-specific detection has become an important issue among Muslims, Jews, Hindus, Vegan, and vegetarian communities. Some methods such as spectroscopy, chromatography, and DNA based method have been applied for this purpose. However, these methods use sophisticated technology, therefore need high skill and cost for industrial practice. Research needs to encourage the development of simple and portable instrument. This paper highlights the potency of the Maillard reaction for species-specific detection of animal derivatives in food, especially for gelatine. Gelatine from different sources revealed different amino acids composition. It will produce various sensory of active compounds such as colour, odour, and taste when subjected to Maillard reaction, depends on reactant substances and conditions of reaction. The differences will be the key principle in species-specific detection of the sources of gelatine.
Euphyllidae corals are among the most beautiful corals that have been exploited for the aquarium trade all over the world. In Malaysia, the information on these coral species particularly on the diversity and genetic variation is not fully documented. Realizing to this matter, the diversity and distribution of Euphylllidae corals were investigated at 13 sampling stations in Tioman Island. The diversity and distribution of Euphyllidae corals were observed and recorded using the Coral Video Transect (CVT) method. The captured images were analyzed using Coral Point Count with Excel extension (CPCe) software. The samples of Euphyllia cristata were collected at three different zones in Tioman Island (East Coast, West Coast and Isolated Island). The samples were extracted and mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase 1 gene primer was used to study their genetic variation. A total of six species belong to three genera of Euphyllia, Plerogyra and Physogyra were recorded. Benuang Bay (East Coast) and Bayan Bay (Isolated Island) have shown higher diversity and distribution of Euphyllidae corals among the sampling stations. The Shannon-Weinner index (H’) of Benuang Bay and Bayan Bay were 1.42 and 1.43 respectively. The West Coast zone had the lowest diversity and distribution of Euphyllidae corals due to massive coastal development and loads of human intervention. The genetic sequences from the East Coast and West Coast were closely related. The pairwise distance between these two zones is 0.003. There is a slight difference in the sequence from the Isolated Island. The pairwise distance of West Coast-Isolated and East Coast-Isolated are 0.021 and 0.025 respectively. However, it is relatively low to consider there is evolutionary divergence between the samples. Thus, no genetic variation was observed between all Euphyllia cristata taken at three different zones of Tioman Island. This study has shown that there was a highly significant difference (p<0.01) in the diversity and distribution of Euphyllidae corals with respect to sampling stations.
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