ABSTRAKAnemia merupakan kondisi yang banyak terjadi pada remaja putri, yang dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor seperti status gizi, menstruasi dan sosial ekonomi. Anemia bisa menyebabkan seseorang mengalami penurunan daya tahan tubuh dan mengakibatkan tubuh mudah terkena masalah kesehatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia pada remaja putri di SMP Negeri 4 Banjarbaru. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktor yang berhubungan dengan anemia ialah lama menstruasi (p=0,003), panjang siklus menstruasi (p=0,004), tingkat pendidikan orang tua (ibu) (p=0,000), dan tingkat pendapatan orang tua (p=0,000). Faktor yang tidak berhubungan dengan anemia adalah status gizi (p =0,064). Lama dan panjang siklus menstruasi yang tidak normal dapat menyebabkan terjadinya anemia, dikarenakan darah yang dikeluarkaan akan lebih banyak dari jumlah normalnya. Tingkat pendidikan ibu dan pendapatan orag tua yang rendah akan menyebabkan terjadinya anemia dikarenakan pemenuhan kebutuhan anak yang kurang. Kata-kata kunci: anemia, faktor-faktor anemia, remaja putri. ABSTRACTAnemia is a condition which is more common in adolescent girls, which can be caused by various factors such as nutritional status, menstruation, and socioeconomic. Anemia can cause a person to experience a decrease in the immune system and causes the body susceptible to health problems. The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of anemia among adolescent girls in SMP Negeri 4 Banjarbaru. The study results show that factor associated with anemia are period of menstruation (p = 0.003), the length of the menstrual cycle (p = 0.004), education level of parents (mother) (p = 0.000), and the income level of parents (p = 0.000) , The factor which is not associated with anemia is nutritional status (p = 0.064). The period and length of abnormal menstrual cycle can cause anemia because blood removed will be more than the normal amount. Mother's education level and parents’ low income will lead to anemia due to lack of children’s needs fulfillment. Keywords: anemia, anemia factors, teenage girl.
Upaya pencegahan primer pada pengelolaan kaki diabetik bertujuan untuk mencegah luka kaki secara dini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan dan praktik perawatan kaki pada klien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian ini merupakan deskriptif korelasi dengan desain cross sectional dan jumlah sampel sebanyak 106 orang. Hasil analisis Chi Square menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara pengetahuan dengan praktik perawatan kaki pada klien diabetes melitus tipe 2 (p= 0,04; α= 0,05). Faktor pengetahuan memiliki peluang 2,38 kali untuk melakukan praktik perawatan kaki. Perlu dikembangkan pendidikan kesehatan tentang perawatan kaki dan pemeriksaan kaki.
The aim of this study is to describe the difficulties related to problems of supply and use of antivenom serum (SAV) in the district of Bamako. A retrospective study over a span of five years (January 1998-December 2002) and an interview with the staff of various facilities were conducted. The study included 2 wholesalers of pharmaceuticals, 20 private pharmacies, and 2 hospital pharmacies as they were involved in antivenom trades. A market-driving ability survey of driving practice was conducted in 37 community health centers (CHCs) and 4 dispensaries because they performed antivenom treatments during the study period. A total of 3,318 doses of antivenom were bought, including 84.4% by the People Pharmacy of Mali (PPM), a public organization, and 15.6% by Laborex, a private company. These were out of stock in 1999. Three kinds of SAV were ordered: the polyvalent IPSER Africa (1,200 vials or 36.2%), FAV Africa (318 vials or 9.6%), and Sii anti-snake venom polyvalent serum (1,800 vials or 54.2%). Orders from PPM involved IPSER Africa (Pasteur Mérieux Serum & Vaccines) and Sii anti-snake venom polyvalent serum (Serum Institute of India), and those from Laborex involved IPSER Africa and FAVAfrica (Aventis Pasteur). Onehalf of private pharmacies (54.3%) had made at least one order of SAV. The PPM lost 50% of 2,000 vials of SAV in 1996 due to the expiration of vials that were bought. Private pharmacies lost 3.6% of stocks due to expiration. Prices varied depending on the type of service and the point of sale. Costs of vials were 19,440-35,000 CFA francs (29.6-53.4 euros) for Sii antivenom and 50,200-63,000 CFA francs (76.5-96.1 euros) for FAV Africa antivenom. In CHCs, 59.5% of prescribers were unaware of the indications and methods of proper administration of the SAV, 32.3% ignored the existence of SAV, and 30.9% were skeptical about its effectiveness in treatment of envenomation by snakebite.
A retrospective study has been performed on snakebites from January 1993 to December 2002 in the national hospitals Gabriel-Touré, in Bamako, and Kati. It aimed to establish a synthesis of epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects from snakebites. Eight hundred thirty-two snakebites were recorded during this period. Men were mostly represented: 72 versus 28% of women. The average age was 28 ± 18 years. Farmers were most affected (28%). Most bites occurred between 16 and 20 hours, during the fieldwork and pasture in 44% cases. Lower limbs (73.8%) were more involved than hands (25.8%). Although the type of snake has not been determined, the clinical picture was that of viper syndrome, the severity of which was assessed by the grade of bleeding, edema, renal involvement (15.8%), and neurological disorders (13.3%). Antivenom was administered to 40.6% of patients whose case fatality rate was 2.8%, whereas it was 8.1% in its absence. The case fatality rate associated with serum therapy varied according to the antivenin, 1.5% with the antivenoms manufactured in Europe and 4% with those manufactured in Asia. Five parturients had a favorable outcome with antivenom. The initial management was carried out by traditional healers in 49.7% of cases. The annual case fatality rate decreased gradually from 12% in 1995 to 3% in 2002. The incidence of snakebite is greatly underestimated in hospitals because of inadequate records.
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