Purpose -The existing literature has accepted the view that the destination image can be explained by the motivation theory. According to this theory the destination image can be explained by either the internal motivation of tourists or the external motivation originating from the destination. The purpose of this paper is to critically review the literature to build an appropriate research framework for understanding the formation of destination image by international tourists. Design, Methodology and Approach -The literature pertaining to destination image till recently can be divided into three evolutionary stages with stage boundaries marked by the seminal reviews by Echtner & Ritchie in 1991 and by Pike in 2002. The two main focuses of the destination image research are -measurement and theory of the destination image. The evolution of measurement and theory is reviewed, in this conceptual paper, through these stages justifying the proposed new research framework. Findings -The existing theories do not take in to account some of the modern variables such as perceived risks of travel and the power of social networks that fuel word of mouth. Originality of Research -All the conceptual discussions and views are original.

The purpose of this study was to explore the zone of tolerance concept in relation to perceptions of service encounters, specifically when service failures are likely to occur. A simulated restaurant experience consisting of a series of dining service encounters was conducted with a sample of academic staff and research students. Results showed that individuals have different perceptions with different variability in their zone of tolerance; individuals appear to have a larger zone of tolerance when dealing with negative encounters and a narrower zone of tolerance for positive encounters. In addition, an initial negative encounter predisposes customers to future negative encounters. Failure is seen as a difficult concept to judge as individuals have diverse perceptions of what constitutes a failure and when it starts. Further research directions are proposed.

Despite the high level of awareness of sustainable practices around the globe, and literatures on its adoption in businesses, studies showed very few studies are conducted in less advanced countries like Nigeria. Given the rising consumption of resources, apprehension for the environs and sudden realization among people for practices that are friendlier, the trend is gradually picking up in the Nigerian hotel industry. The hotel is facing challenges accepting green practices due to little information on green practice and its perceived benefits, government inability to enforce regulations on environmental sanitation, and absence of enlightenment promotion of green practice. This study strives to determine factors likely to motivate hotels to adopt innovative ways of operating in Nigeria. Based on Rogers" theory of innovation diffusion, this study decided to establish perceived innovation characteristics, perceived environmental characteristics, organizational characteristics and stakeholders" influence as determinants for likely adoption. Data was collected from General Managers of hotels (363 in number) in Abuja and Lagos. Using Partial Least Squares (PLS) path modelling, the findings indicate all perceived predictors positively correlated to likelihood of adoption.

The Muslim travel market is regarded as an encouraging market in the tourism industry at the current state. Muslim tourists prefer to select a tourist destination whereby Islamic elements are available, which permits them to enjoy their travels without neglecting the religious obligations. These elements undoubtedly will provide an enriching experience during their travels. Therefore, this paper aims to examine experiences faced by Muslim tourists in terms of their needs and preferences in the provision of food and beverage services during their travels. In order to fulfil the study’s aim, 14 international Muslim participants who have travelled internationally were interviewed during the data collection process. The findings revealed that Muslim tourists seek for the convenience of finding Halal outlets/Halal food, and prefer restaurants or outlets with certified Halal logo. The participants also expressed their concern regarding the different food culture experience. This study has supported previous literatures on enhancing Muslim customers’ experience in terms of food and beverage provision worldwide. Furthermore, the findings help aid in enhancing the experiences of Muslim tourists during travelling hence supporting the growth of Halal tourism. It is seen that tourist destinations and facilities that can provide the needs of faith of the Muslim tourists will exceed in the creation of memorable and meaningful tourist experience.

The Malaysian government is focusing on developing education tourism to boost tourist arrivals. Apart from acquiring education, students ' well-being