For the first time the interlayer-free silica-carbon templatesmembrane has been successfully fabricated employed pectin as carbonsource. This membrane was compared to interlayer-free silica-P123membrane that were fabricated via Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP). Theaim of this work is to investigate the performance of interlayer-free silicapectinand silica-P123 membranes. Sol-gel process has been utilised toproduce silica thin film using TEOS as precursor, EtOH, HNO3 and NH3 with two-step acid-based catalyst (50 °C, 3 hours). Pectin and P123 weretemplated into silica sols. Subsequently, the alumina tubular supportmembranes were dip-coated into these sols and calcined at 400 °C (pectin)and 350 °C (P123), respectively with 4 layers each membrane. Theinterlayer-free silica-pectin shows excellent water flux (5.73 kg m-2 h-1) incomparison to interlayer-free silica-P123 (1.449 kg m-2 h-1). Both silicapectinand silica-P123 membranes show very good salt rejection (>99%). The performance of silica-pectin membrane is much better than silica-P123membrane (~4 times higher). It is influenced by the length of carbonschains where carbon chains of pectin is much lower than P123. Due to that, P123 connected to silica networks create dense film of membrane andreduce the membranes performance.
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) membrane is an emerging renewable energy which harvest electricity from mixing two streams on different salinities. In real practice is still not clearly defined for the effectiveness of salinity gradient power (SGP)-RED due to the limitation of artificial saline water. Generally, South Kalimantan Indonesia is rich by wetland and coastal area. Due to that wetland saline water is potential as saline water sources for collection the SGP. This experiment aims to investigate the impact of natural feed stream wetland saline water was collected from Muara Halayung South Kalimantan-Indonesia to demineralized (WSW),artificial brackish (ABW) (0.35 wt %NaCl), and artificial seawater (ASW) (3.5 wt % NaCl) in terms of power density measured on a lab-scale RED membrane stack prototype 12 x 12 cm. Ion exchange membrane (IEM) was used in this work consisted from cellulose modified Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) by EDTA-quaternization (EDC) process. Whereas, Cation Exchange Membrane (CEM) was employing Nafion NR-212 with thickness 0.002 in. Lab-scale RED tests operated 3 hours into area system has 121cm2; AEM and CEM area have 100cm2; uses spacer nylon a pair between membranes; and two electrodes by stainless-steal and copper. Feed water was into RED system then measured power density as an electrical energy potential that from separate ions by AEM and CEM. The result among of this experiment, characteristic of wetland saline water naturally had electro conductivity (EC) 135.6 µS/cm; TOM 15.2 ppm; and has ionic compound higher in Na+ and Cl- which is Cl- compound as one of potentially formed salinity on that wetland water and become potential uses one of natural feed water in RED system. The highest energy power density on RED process obtained by mixed WSW:ASW was 1.43 W/m2. While ratio of the gradient salinity WSW:ABW to ABW:ASW were increasing 86% which has 1:5 to 1:30 as the effect of stream mixing by two natural feed water.
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