Background Lockdown is one of the prevalent tools that are used to control the spread of COVID‐19 virus in India. Under the circumstances created during lockdown period, children are deprived from the social interaction and companionship; because of which, they are susceptible to psychiatric disorders. Therefore, in this study, efforts were to understand the impacts of lockdown on the mental status of the children of India and their specific causes. Study Design It is a questionnaire‐based study. Methods A web‐based questionnaire was prepared, and 400 parents from four districts of Punjab, India, namely, Ludhiana, Sahibzada Ajit Singh (SAS) Nagar, Sangrur and Ferozepur, were telephonically interviewed. Further, the information collected from the interviews was statistically analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results Findings from this study revealed that 73.15% and 51.25% of the children were having signs of increased irritation and anger, respectively; 18.7% and 17.6% of the parents also mentioned the symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively, among their children, which were also augmented by the changes in their diet, sleep, weight and more usage of the electronic equipment. Children (~76.3%) persistently urge to go outdoors and play with their friends; therefore, they could lag in social development. Further, observations from Pearson's correlation revealed that during lockdown, children's mental health is significantly related to the area of their house, number of children in the family, qualification of their mother and socio‐economic status of their family. Conclusions This study made it evident that the mental health of the children residing in Punjab, India, was compromised during the lockdown period induced by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Findings of this study may also trigger the international authorities to frame the guidelines of lockdown in the interest of mental health of their native children.

Vitamin D (VitD) insufficiency is present in over half of population worldwide. Over a billion people worldwide are vitamin D deficient or insufficient. It has been long known that VitD insufficiency contributes to development of osteopenia and osteoporosis. We performed a retrospective review of data of 60 patients in postmenopausal age group (45-75 years) during their routine blood investigation for the first time at Government Medical College and Guru Nanak Dev Hospital Amritsar over a period of 3 months (February 2023 to April 2023). Vitamin D levels were insufficient (10-30 ng/mL) in 35% of the patients, deficient (10 ng/mL) in 18.5%, and normal in the remaining 35%. TSH levels were low (less than 0.3 mIU/L) in 5%, high (more than 4.5 mIU/L) in 18.3%, and normal (0.3-4.5 mIU/L) in the remaining 76.6%. 54% (n-11) of individuals with elevated TSH had vitamin D deficiency, while 18% had insufficient vitamin D. 100%(n-3) patients with low TSH had normal vitamin D levels. TSH and vitamin D levels were normal in 22 individuals. High TSH levels was associated with low vitamin D levels, low TSH levels was associated with normal serum vitamin D level. Hence association was linear between TSH and vitamin D in post-menopausal women.

Uric acid, a potent antioxidant for humans, birds, reptiles, and some primate species, is the end-product of purine degradation that is formed in the xanthine/hypoxanthine reactions catalyzed by xanthine oxidase. Associated with the evolutionary loss of urate oxidase (the enzyme that oxidizes uric acid resulting in the formation of allantoin) and resulting increase in concentrations of uric acid is a prolonged life span. Uric acid is known to scavenge peroxynitrite and other free radicals that can cause an imbalance of oxidants leading to oxidative stress. Uric acid also has a role in protecting DNA from single-strand breaks caused by free radicals in the body leading to a protective effect in neurodegenerative diseases. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress as it is considered an ‘expensive tissue’ with a particularly high metabolic rate and comparatively increased utilization of oxygen. Brain tissue is also high in unsaturated lipids, which makes it more susceptible to free radical damage. Oxidative stress is thus linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and also ischemic brain injury. In this review, we summarize the function of uric acid in alleviating oxidative damage and providing protection to neural cells during injury and disease.

Background: Bilirubin is one of the major bile Pigment, clinically and biologically important among the bile pigments present in the mammals. Material and Methods; The Cross sectional study was conducted in department of biochemistry in the collaboration with department medicine in Civil Hospital Tarn Taran. Out of 90 patients, 54 were males and 36 were females. Result; The comparison of Serum Total and Direct bilirubin by Jendrassik & Grof and Automated method was Non- Significant with p value = 0.7788 and 0.5394 respectively. The comparison of Serum Total and Direct bilirubin by Malloy Evelyn and Automated method is Highly Significant with p value =0.0002 and 0.0003 respectively. The mean difference of malloy with jendrassik & grof and automated was 2.394 and 2.162 respectively and the mean difference of jendrassik & grof with automated method was -0.231. Conclusion; It was concluded that a good correlation is found between bilirubin detection by manual and automated method. Non- significant mean difference between Jendrassik & Grof and Automated makes it better than Malloy Evelyn.

Background; Glucometers are the excellent tools for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Glucometer is widely used at hospitals and homes as a first line tool to get an idea about the current blood glucose levels. They are important especially in the circumstances where continuous monitoring is mandatory and at decision making levels. Materials and Methods; The Study was Conducted in Department of Biochemistry, Civil Hospital Tarn Taran. Proper informed consent was taken from all the participation, a total of 60 sample were taken. Result; We found that that at very high glucose readings (i.e. in group 3 patients having plasma glucose levels ≥ 251 mg/dl), glucometer overestimates glucose results. So, these values do not accurately reflect actual plasma glucose levels. Conclusion; Blood glucose testing with glucometer is a simple, rapid & cost effective method for glucose monitoring. On the other hand centralized laboratory glucose testing despite higher operational time and cost burden is still more reliable method for diagnosis and management of the patient. Finding in our study suggest that very high glucose values with glucometer do not accurately reflect actual plasma glucose levels; but it overestimates glucose results. So, the routine practice of performing only single testing with glucometers can lead to misdiagnosis. So, readings obtained using glucometers especially at the critical hyperglycemic levels, should be cautiously interpreted and verified with centralized laboratory. Medical professionals should depict diabetic patients the importance of periodic centralized laboratory glucose testing. A further detailed study for comparison of plasma glucose levels using glucometer and GOD-POD method in hypoglycemic patients with a larger sample size is needed.

Human body is continuously exposed to different types of agents that results in the production of reactive species called as free radicals (ROS/RNS) which by the transfer of their free unpaired electron causes the oxidation of cellular machinery. In order to encounter the deleterious effects of such species, body has got endogenous antioxidant systems or it obtains exogenous antioxidants from diet that neutralizes such species and keeps the homeostasis of body. Any imbalance between the RS and antioxidants leads to produce a condition known as ‘‘oxidative stress’’ that results in the development of pathological condition among which one is diabetes. Most of the studies reveal the inference of oxidative stress in diabetes pathogenesis by the alteration in enzymatic systems, lipid peroxidation, impaired Glutathione metabolism and decreased Vitamin C levels. Lipids, proteins, DNA damage, Glutathione, catalane and superoxide dismutase are various biomarkers of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Oxidative stress induced complications of diabetes may include stroke, neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy. The basic aim of this review was to summarize the basics of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus

In the preceding times, the number of enclosed parking garages has increased significantly in developing nations. The toxic emissions from vehicular exhausts are expected to drastically compromise the environmental conditions of the parking garages. Subsequently, exposure of humans to these accumulated pollutants is also expected to degrade their health. Therefore, in the present investigation, efforts were made to estimate the applicability of TiO2-mediated UV photocatalysis in degrading the concentration of vehicular emissions, viz., NOx and SO2, in the enclosed parking garages (EPGs). In this regard, an artificial EPGs’ environment was created and experiments were designed using the Box-Behnken design in combination with response surface methodology. The process parameters chosen for maximizing the degradation of the pollutants were a concentration of TiO2 emulsion (20 to 120 ml/m2), UV irradiance (1 to 5 mW/cm2), and relative humidity (10 to 50%). Optimization of the laboratory experiments revealed that at optimal conditions of the process parameters, i.e., a concentration of TiO2 emulsion = 77.50   ml / m 2 , intensity of UV irradiance = 3   mW / c m 2 , and relative humidity = 43.2 % , maximum degradation of the NOx and SO2, i.e., 61.24% and 55.05%, respectively, was achieved. Further, it was revealed that relative humidity may prove to be the limiting factor while using the TiO2-mediated UV photocatalysis in humid areas. Findings of this study may prove beneficial in urban planning as it may assist scientific auditory and local authorities in identifying the applicability of TiO2-based photocatalysis in mitigating the impacts of vehicular emissions.