Purpose This study aims to examine the significance of the non-linear relationship of board size and board independence on the financial performance of listed non-financial firms in India. Design/methodology/approach The study draws the sample of the listed non-financial firm in the Indian market from the year 2011–2018 and applied panel least squares regression with and without industry fixed effects on the model with quadratic equation. Quantile regression is also used to test the robustness of the results. The financial performance is measured through one accounting measure (i.e. return on assets [ROA]) and one market-based measure (i.e. Tobin’s Q). The empirical model also controls firm-specific variables which are expected to have an impact on financial performance. Findings The study found that the relationship of board size and board independence with the financial performance of a firm is in a non-linear inverted U-shape. The results are qualitatively similar for both ROA and Tobin’s Q after controlling industry fixed effects. Originality/value This is the first study in India which tests the non-linear relationship of board size and board independence with the financial performance of the firm. The study contributes to the limited literature on the implications of board characteristics on the performance of the firms in India.

The present study aims to examine the influences of group affiliations status on the CSR spending of a firm and also to test how the group size and interaction of group size and product portfolio diversification influences the CSR spending. The sample of the present study covers 1,513 Indian firms coming under the ambit of CSR reporting, represented through the unbalanced panel data set of 4,459 firm-years from the year 2014 to 2019. The baseline model regresses CSR spending on the group affiliation status and set of controlling variables which are having the impact on CSR spending by using panel least squares regression model. The baseline model is extended to test the impact of group size and interaction of group size and product portfolio diversification on the CSR spending. Industry variations with regard to CSR spending are controlled by introducing industry fixed effects into the regression model.  The findings of the study reveal significant positive impact of group affiliation status on CSR spending. The results are also robust to the group size effect and the interaction effect of group size and product portfolio diversification. The findings are supporting stewardship theory and socio—emotional wealth creation view of the group affiliated firm which asserts that group affirms experience variety of stakeholder demands and social issues. Building social reputation through CSR activities will be helpful in handling such situations.  The findings also proved that larger group firms with wider product diversification are more encouraged towards CSR spending. This is the first study which tests the impact of group size and also the interaction of group size and product portfolio diversification on CSR spending. The study contributes to the literature on how the ownership style, especially, group affiliation status, influences the social engagement of a firm