The selection of input and output variables usually pose a problem when carrying out efficiency assessment in hospitals. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is an instrument that is used to calculate the efficiency of a hospital using some inputs and outputs. Therefore, this study aims to identify the most frequently used hospital inputs and outputs from an existing paper,, in order to assist the hospital management staffs in choosing the relevant variables that can represent available inputs, are easily accessible, and need improvement. It was conducted using keywords such as “hospital efficiency” and “DEA for hospital” to search for peer-reviewed journals in the PubMed and Open Knowledge Maps from the year 2014-2020. From, the 586 articles, 54 samples were obtained from the about 5-3504 hospitals which were analyzed from 23 countries. The results showed that, the five most used inputs were the number of beds, medical personnel, non-medical staff, medical technician staff and operational costs, while the most used outputs were number of inpatients, surgeries, emergency visits, outpatient service, and days of inpatients. These variables are often used for accessing the efficiency of hospitals in the DEA application.
The most prevalent patient safety incident in hospitals is medication errors. It is avoidable by a variety of safe treatment approaches known as medical safety. The topic of this research is the high rate of medical errors at 'X' Hospital Tuban in East Java, Indonesia, which accounted for 53.3% of all patient safety occurrences. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of health workers' knowledge and attitudes on drug safety implementation at 'X' Hospital Tuban. Pharmacists, pharmaceutical technical staff, nurses, and midwives participated in an analytical cross-sectional study with 74 samples. Because of the COVID-19 outbreak, data was collected using an online survey. The survey was based on WHO's 5 Medication Safety Moments. To investigate effect identification, the Fisher's test method was applied. This survey received 87.8% response rate. The following characteristics were shared by the participants: 55.4% are nurses, 75.4% are between the ages of 26 and 36, 86.2% are female, and 36.9% work in an inpatient unit. The average score for medication safety knowledge, attitude, and implementation for each health worker was Good. The correlation coefficient (p = 0.000) between knowledge and drug safety implementation is 0.503. The correlation coefficient (p = 0.000) between attitude and drug safety implementation is 0.508. According to the findings of this study, drug safety knowledge, attitude, and implementation are all satisfactory. Medication safety knowledge and attitudes can aid in the implementation of medication safety. Suggestion for medical professionals, and 'X' Hospital Tuban is working on new pharmaceutical safety precautions.
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