The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and free radical scavenging activity of Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. bark extracts from the mangrove forest of Kendari Bay, Southeast Sulawesi Province Indonesia. The extracts were obtained by maceration of R. mucronata Lamk. bark with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively. Toxicity test was conducted by using Brine Shrimp Lethal Test (BSLT) method with Artemia salina Leach as the animal test, while free radical scavenging activity test was carried out by using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl 2-picryl-hydrazyl) free radical. The test results showed n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts had LC50 values of 136.40 µg/mL, 82.43 µg/mL and 109.38 µg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values for the free radical scavenging activity of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts were 122.19 µg/mL, 37.84 µg/mL, 29.32µg/mL, respectively. Result of phytochemical test showed n-hexane extract was dominated by terpenoid and steroid group compounds, while flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins were predominantly found in both ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Extracts of R. mucronata bark, especially ethyl acetate extracts had toxic properties for A. salina larvae, therefore it has potential to be developed as an anti-cancer drug. Metahanol extract, on the other hand, indicated strong anti-oxidant activity, then it is potential to develop it as cosmetics agent.
The aims of this study are to isolate and identify active compounds of mangrove plants Rhizophora mucronata Lamk bark extract obtained from the mangrove forest of Kendari Bay, Southeast Sulawesi Province Indonesia and study their cytotoxic activities against cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line. The isolation and purification of the compounds were carried out under several chromatography methods, including thin layer chromatography, vacuum liquid chromatography and radial chromatography with silica gel as adsorbent and various solvents mixture as an eluent. Elucidation of the structure of the isolated compounds was done based on FTIR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopic data and confirmed with an existed data from literatures. From this research, it was obtained two pure compounds, α-amyrin (1) and β-sitosterol (2). The isolation of this α-amyrin was firstly reported so far from the bark of this plant. Cytotoxic activities, marks by an IC50 value, of both α-amyrin and β-sitosterol are 804.762 ± 0.22 μg/mL and 353.871 ± 0.53 μg/mL respectively and shows that cytotoxic of β-sitosterol is stronger than α-amyrin.
Lignin degradation from sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) waste has been carried out using a TiO2 catalyst. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of lignin degradation from sago waste using a TiO2 catalyst. Lignin from sago pulp was isolated using 10% NaOH and characterized using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results of the characterization using FTIR show that the absorption at wave number 2937.59 cm-1 is the -C-H stretching vibration of the alkane functional groups, the absorption at wave number 2360.87 cm-1 is the vibration of the C≡C triple bond, the wave numbers 1795.73 cm-1 and 1637.56 cm-1 are associated with the stretching of the carbonyl group. The absorption at wave number 1427.32 cm-1 is a C-H vibration connected to an unsaturated bond in an aromatic ring. Absorptions at wave number 1105.21 cm-1, 1128.36 cm-1, 1153.43 cm-1 were the stretching vibration of -C-H on the guaiasil ring, and the absorption at wave number 1022.27 cm-1 was the stretching vibration of C-O-C ether. From this spectrum, it can be seen that lignin is not completely pure because it is probably still mixed with cellulose. The results of the effectiveness test of lignin degradation using a TiO2 catalyst with the help of UV light were able to degrade the lignin isolated by 31.43%, for 3 hours at a lignin concentration of 40 ppm.
Cleome viscosa L. has been used empirically by people on the island to treat diseases that have clinical symptoms such as malaria (fever, sweating, chills, and muscle aches). The purpose of this study was to determine the class of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity. The extraction was carried out using the maceration method, while the fractionation was carried out using the separating funnel. The secondary metabolites found in the Cleome viscosa L. plant extract are alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. Antioxidant test conducted by DPPH method showed that the positive control of ascorbic acid and methanol extract obtained IC50 values of 3.86 ppm and 37.4 ppm, respectively.
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