The experiment was conducted during two successive seasons 2016 and 2017 on sweet pepper plants to study the effect of foliar application of some natural extracts (fulvic acid at 2, 4 and 6% or algae at 1, 2 and 4 g.L-1) were applied three times along each season (after 2, 4 and 6 weeks of planting). The influence was evaluated through the response of vegetative growth, and some physical and chemical characteristics of sweet pepper fruits. The results obtained showed that the algae extract at 1 g.L-1 in most cases was better than the other spray treatments investigated to improve most fruit characteristics (length, diameter and yield of fruits), vegetative growth, and chemical properties followed by 6% fulvic acid. With regard to organic acids, malic and citric acids are the main organic acids found in sweet pepper. Malic, succinic and glutaric acids were higher in 1 g.L-1 algae extract treatment, but the concentration of citric acid was higher in 6% fulvic acid treatment. Therefore, algae extract and fulvic acid could be safely recommended as a natural biostimulants application for improving most desirable characteristics of sweet pepper grown under the same experimental condition.
A FIELD experiment was performed to study the effect of gamma irradiation (0.0, 50 and 100Gy) on growth parameters and bioactive compounds of different parts of eggplant. All growth parameters studied showed an increase when using a dose of 50Gy gamma rays. Also, 50Gy increased total phenolic contents (2.140, 4.039 and 2.965mg/g DW) for pulp, peel and whole fruits, respectively. A dose level at 50Gy increased flavonoid contents (0.835, 4.301 and 3.166mg/g DW) for pulp, peel and whole fruits, respectively. Moreover, tannin contents increased at a dose of 50Gy to (5.853, 7.94 and 7.79mg/g DW) for pulp, peel and whole fruits respectively; the highest contents were detected in peels followed by the whole fruits and the pulps. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of eggplant extracts varies according to the plant part. The antioxidant activity in the whole fruit was less than the peel and pulp while the highest antioxidant activity was in the peel. Otherwise, the amino acid and total soluble protein contents were higher in pulp in all treatments. Phenyl alanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme and polyphenol oxidase enzyme showed increases in their activities as gamma radiation increased to 50Gy, while increasing irradiation dose level to 100Gy reduces both enzyme activities. FT-IR showed the appearance and disappearance of function group in control and irradiated plants. Meanwhile, the results confirmed the presence of C-H stretching phenol (1020cm-1), alkane C-H blending (1450cm-1) and O-H stretching, lipid at (1450cm-1), and carbohydrate amino acids (3940.39cm-1) in eggplant plants different parts control and irradiated.
Grains of two bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum), Sids-1 and Sakha-93, were irradiated with gamma rays at dose levels (0.0, 100, 200, and 300 Gy) to study the effects of gamma irradiation on physiological characteristics and genetic variation of wheat. Irradiation dose level of 200 Gy increased chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll contents significantly in both cultivars. Also, proline content increased with increasing irradiation dose level, the highest concentrations were recorded at 300 Gy for Sids-1 and Sakha-93 cultivars as compared to the control. Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers have been done to help understanding their genetic differences. Eight ISSR primers (14A, 44B, HB-08, HB-10, HB-11, HB-12, HB-13, and HB-15) exhibited polymorphism with the un-irradiated and irradiated two wheat cultivars. These pimers successfully showed different banding patterns with several amplicons varied from 4 for (14A) to 15 for (HB-10). These 72 amplicons for the two cultivars and an average of 9.0 amplicons with mean of 67.96% polymorphism and resolving power (Rp) of 3.41. It is also cleared that radiation is more effective on Sids-1 cultivar with 55.5% polymorphism than on Sakha-93 cultivar with 51.9% polymorphism. Total amplicons found in Sids-1cultivar were 64, ten of them were unique amplicons (UA): 5 UA(+) and 5 UA(−). Irradiation dose (200 Gy) showed the highest number of UA (3 UA− and 3 UA+) in Sids-1cultivar. While, total amplicons found in Sakha-93 cultivar were 58, eight of them were 5 UA(+) and 3 UA(−). Irradiation dose (300 Gy) showed the highest number of UA as 4 UA+. It could be concluded that gamma irradiation of wheat grains produced an appropriate number of generated variations and that ISSR analysis given a useful molecular marker for the symmetry of the mutants.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted during the seasons of 2016 – 2017 to compare the impact of foliar amino acids binding (0.5, 1 and 2 g.L-1) and yeast extract ( 2.5, 5 and 10 g.L-1) on certain development and physiological parameters of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The results cleared that foliar application of amino acid (2 g.L-1) or yeast (10 g.L-1) increased development parameters of hot pepper compared to control in both first and second seasons. Amino acids foliar implementation with (2 g.L-1) gave higher content of anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, lycopene and ß- carotene contents as compared with the control. Also, 10 g.L-1 foliar application of yeast extract showed the best results as compared to control in both first and second seasons. Foliar application of amino acids contents increased phenol and flavonoid contents of hot pepper fruits. Maximum increase was observed at 2 g.L-1 amino acids in both seasons. While 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and lipid peroxidation contents increased with 2 g.L-1 amino acids and 10 g.L-1 yeast foliar application. The HPLC analysis of ethanolic extract of hot pepper fruits has shown fifteen phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds were increased by increasing the concentration of amino acid and yeast extract foliar application in the both two seasons. In conclusion it is recommended to use amino acid (2 g.L-1) and yeast extract (10 g.L-1) foliar application as they play a key role in productivity , also in protecting the environment as eco-friendly and cost-effective inputs for the farmers.
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