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Multi-dates satellite images have been used in this study to detect the trends of environmental changes in Mariut Lake, particularly for the main two lake ecosystems; water, and vegetation. The study focuses on the aquatic vegetation type and water area of Mariout Lake during the past four decades (from 1972 to 2016). The results reported in this research represent the way in which ecosystem degradation processes, affecting Lake Mariout, are increased due to external factors (human activities) of drying and reclaiming some areas to estimate the consequential effects on the lake. A combination of LandSat-1(MSS), LandSat-5 (TM), LandSat-7 (ETM+), SPOT-1, SPOT-4, SPOT-5, Rapid Eye, and Sentinel-2 Satellite data were used to analyze temporal changes in the Lake ecosystem. Different image processing techniques were under taken such as: on screen digitizing to delineate the lake boundary, the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) makes use of reflected near-infrared radiation and visible green light to enhance the presence of such features while eliminating the presence of soil and terrestrial vegetation features, and change detection to ascertain the changes of water and vegetation features within last Four decades interval. The results of analysis indicate that Mariut Lake has been subjected to various physical and biological changes mainly due to the different human activities that have serious impacts on its quality and a subsequent deterioration in its ecological parameters.

In Egypt irrigation water is becoming more scarce with the continuously increasing demand for agriculture, domestic and industrial purposes. To face this increasing irrigation demand, the available water supply in Egypt is supplemented by the reuse of agricultural drainage water as in El-Salam Canal that do not satisfy water quality standards defined for the canal. This paper introduces an automation system for El-Salam Canal to control the flow of the fresh water and drainage water supplied to the canal. This automatic control system (ACS) is able to process data of various flows and water quality data along the canal. This control system is represented by a canal computer model. This system computes the required control actions at the Damietta branch and the feeding drains. It is also able to generate optimum solutions for the canal to satisfy the pre-defined canal conditions and standards

Since the shallow coastal lakes are not only one of the most valuable ecosystems in the world but also some of the most threatened as they receive the wastewater discharged from the watershed, it was important to develop a more detailed modelling component for the lake system. Nowadays, relative to the present advances in computational sciences, hardware and software, improvement in rivers, catchments and lakes modelling has been only modest since the past few decades. The main objective of the study is to examine and evaluate the impact of alternative water quality management practices in the selected drainage catchment, and their effect on the environmental condition of the lake as an important component of the watershed. A hydrodynamic and water quality model was used to study the current status of coastal lakes subject to the discharges and pollution loadings coming from the agricultural drains and the point sources discharge directly to the lake, through simulating the flow circulation inside the main basin of the lake, the transport and advection of the pollutants due to the effluent discharges from drains and other sources of pollutants, and identify and develop the most critical surface drainage water quality indicators to simulate and predict the temporal and spatial variation of pollution.

The Aswan High Dam Reservoir management system was developed to simulate dam operation under varying boundary conditions taking as example climate change and Millennium Dam construction, and analyze the optimal operation rules of the reservoir taking into account a large number of objectives, including hydropower production and water supply for irrigation purposes. The developed system runs on Windows platforms and comprises three basic modules: a user-friendly graphical interface managing all graphic features, a computational engine where all the algorithms are implemented, and a database and files module managing hydrological and operational data. The developed model was calibrated. The future hydrologic scenarios developed have been used to assess the expected impacts of potential climate change (baseline and three periods with two global emission scenarios) and the Millennium Dam. The new operation rules were used for scenarios analysis. It was concluded that overall applying the new operation rules will decrease the percentage of occurrence of minimum water levels. Also, the Millennium Dam will increase the percentage of occurrence of minimum water levels. Finally, the period III (2070-2099) for the two global emission scenarios is very critical for the dam operation.

Pollution Load Index (PLI) Qarun Lake EgyptQarun Lake is a remnant of the historic Moreis Lake; it is an enclosed lake receives the water through several drains mainly El-Bats and El-Wadi drains carrying agricultural wastewater mixed with domestic and industrial wastes to the lake, which increases the accumulation of pollutants, in particular, the heavy metals in the lake environment. The present study is concerning the levels, distribution pattern as well as the pollution indices of the heavy metals in Qarun Lake water. The sites facing the inlet of the drain showed the highest contents of the metal, recording 587. 55, 59.6, 61.92, 26.98, 50.72 and 3.63 µg/l for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb and Cd respectively. On the other side the, Metal Index (MI) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) denotes that Qarun Lake is suffering from serious metal pollution for the aquatic life utilization because of the huge amount of wastes discharging into the lake which maybe leads to dangerous adverse impacts on the fish and other aquatic organisms. The study recommended that usage of biological and chemical treatment for wastewater discharging into the lake into to improve the water quality of the lake water.

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