In East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, 42.6% of children under five had stunted growth in 2018, which affects both individual and communal levels. The first step in creating effective interventions is identifying the risk factors for stunting. This study aims to pinpoint the stunting risk factors in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, by incorporating secondary data from the 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS). This study implemented a cross-sectional design by utilizing the data of individuals who were successfully visited during the survey. Initial data screening in East Nusa Tenggara Province based on the criteria for children aged 0–59 months and stunting showed as many as 1643. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between children’s characteristics and stunting. There was a significant relationship between age group variables for younger children (aged 12–23, 24–35, and 36–47 months), mothers with low education, and children living in rural areas with the incidence of stunting in children (p-value < 0.05). The dominant factors that caused stunting in this study were the children’s age of 24–35 months (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.12–3.86), mothers with low education (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.18–2.08), and children living in rural areas (OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.01–1.91). The highest prevalence of stunting was in the group of children aged 12–23 months (45.2%). To prevent child stunting, the government must intervene for mothers with low education and those living in rural areas. Intervention includes intensive socialization about improving nutritional status during pregnancy and practicing complementary feeding and breastfeeding habits until the child is 24 months old.
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver commonly caused by viral infection such as hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E but it is also possible by other causes. Infection with hepatitis C virus is also referred to as a disguise because the early infection is often asymptomatic that often goes undetected. This study aims at determining the several associated risk factors with hepatitis C serological status. The study design is cross-sectional. The biomedical data collection was carried out in 33 provinces in Indonesia with a population in urban blocks, census in Indonesia, where the sample is all household members over the age of one year from selected households by signing the informed consent. Total block census in selected urban area is about 971-block census with a total sample of 15.536 households. The results showed that there is a correlation between hepatitis C serological status and demographic group and that the age and occupation groups showed significant P value obtained at 0.001 (OR = 3.27, CI = 1.84–5.81) and 0.209 (OR = 0.23, CI = 0.59–0.94). In conclusion, there are risk factors such as age and occupation that have a correlation of being infected with hepatitis C serological status.
Background: Indonesia is one of the five countries with the highest number of diphtheria cases worldwide. Diphtheria is caused by the toxigenic strains Corynebacterium diphtheriae, C. ulcerans, and C. pseudotuberculosis. The diphtheria-causing bacteria can be identified using conventional and molecular methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. We used the PCR assay as additional testing, because in island countries like Indonesia, specimen transport is a serious challenge to maintaining bacterial survival. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the PCR assay as additional testing to identify diphtheria-causing bacteria in the diphtheria laboratory. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 178 pairs of the throat and nasal swabs from diphtheria suspected cases and close contacts were collected from seven provinces in Indonesia in 2016. All samples were directly identified by the conventional method and multiplex PCR assay. Statistical analysis was conducted using the 2 × 2 tables to determine the sensitivity and specificity of both methods, while the χ2 test was used to examine the correlation between specimen examination delay and the differentiation of results. A P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Out of 178 examined samples, eight samples were identified as diphtheria-positive by both the conventional method and PCR assay, while nine samples were only detected by the PCR assay. All diphtheria-causing bacteria found in the positive samples were toxigenic C. diphtheriae. The diphtheria-causing bacteria were found in 27.6% of cases and 6.0% of close contacts using the PCR assay versus 13.8% of cases and 2.7% of close contacts using the conventional method. Statistical analysis showed that the PCR assay is about twice more sensitive than the conventional method. There was a significant correlation between the differentiation of results and > 72 hours’ specimen examination delay with a P-value of 0.04 (< 0.05). Conclusions: The PCR assay is more sensitive than the conventional method to identify diphtheria-causing bacteria and may be applied as additional testing to increase the positivity rate of diphtheria-confirmed cases in Indonesia as an archipelago country where geographical factors and specimen transport are real obstacles.
ABSTRACT The prevalence of confirmed COVID-19 cases is high and tends to increase, becoming the main cause of morbidity and mortality. This study aims to determine the relationship between comorbidities and individual characteristics on the incidence of COVID-19 cases in Bogor City in 2020. The research method is case controlith a sample of 289 consisting of 148 cases and 141 controls (1:1). Datas were collected online using a structured questionnaire, taken from the medical record of 5 hospitals in Bogor City who had been treated. Samples were obtained from March to September 2020. Data were analyzed univariate to see the descriptive picture, bivariate to obtain crude OR, andultivariate using logistic regression method to obtain adjusted OR. The results of multivariate analysis showed a relationship between confirmed cases of COVID-19 and several risk factors include marriage factor (OR = 2.69 at 95% CI 1.54-4.70 with p value = 0.00), diabetes Mellitus (OR=3.07 at 95%CI 1.27-7.41 with p=0.01) and risk age group factors (OR=3.44 at 95%CI 2.00-5.90 with a p=0.00). In conclusion the risk factors for the incidence of COVID-19 cases are married residents, people suffering diabetes mellitus, and residents at the risk age group (18-59 years) in Bogor City. Keywords: COVID-19, comorbid, individual characteristics, Bogor city ABSTRAK Prevalensi kasus konfirmasi COVID-19 yang tinggi dan cenderung meningkat menjadi penyebab utama kesakitan dan kematian. Banyak hasil penelitian tentang faktor risiko terjadinya kasus COVID-19 yang hasilnya sangat bervariasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara komorbid/penyakit penyerta dan karakteristik individu terhadap kejadian kasus COVID-19 di Kota Bogor tahun 2020. Rancangan penelitian adalah case-control dengan sampel sebanyak 289 yang terdiri dari 148 kasus dan 141 kontrol (1:1). Data dikumpulkan secara daring menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur melalui aplikasi yang didapat dari data rekam medis 5 Rumah Sakit di Kota Bogor. Sampel diambil dari bulan Maret s.d. September 2020 yang pernah di rawat di RS. Data dianalisis secara univariat melihat gambaran deskriptif, secara bivariat mendapatkan crude OR dan multivariat dengan metode regresi logistic untuk mendapatkan adjusted OR. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan hubungan antara kasus konfirmasi COVID-19 dengan beberapa faktor risiko di antaranya: faktor perkawinan (OR=2,69 pada 95%CI 1,54-4,70 dengan nilai p=0,00), faktor menderita diabetes mellitus (OR=3,07 pada 95%CI 1,27-7,41 dengan nilai p=0,01) dan faktor kelompok umur berisiko (OR=3,44 pada 95%CI 2,00-5,90 dengan nilai p=0,00). Kesimpulan bahwa faktor risiko kejadian kasus COVID-19 ialah penduduk yang sudah menikah, penduduk yang menderita sakit diabetes mellitus dan penduduk pada kelompok umur yang berisiko (18-59 tahun) di Kota Bogor. Kata kunci: COVID-19, comorbid, karakteristik individu, kota Bogor
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