Environmental protection has become a burning issue which plays a more and more important role in the world. The aim of this study is to give a picture of the constitutional regulation of environmental protection which is the highest legal source of a nation. Besides the Hungarian Fundamental Law, the German, Italian and Belgian constitutions were examined in the study. On one hand, we looked into how environment is regulated in the constitutions, as a right (right to environment) or a state task or objective (protect the environment). On the other hand, we analysed how related regulatory subjects appear in the constitutions, such as natural resources, future generations and sustainable development.
The objective of the study is to present the regulation of non-litigious electronic proceedings placed in the jurisdiction of courts, applicable in Hungarian civil procedure. The author examines such procedures in the fields of electronic company registration, insolvency procedures, and the registration of non-governmental organizations.
Since June 2017, the Hungarian regulation on the registration of NGOs has become one of the instruments of the “rule of law duel” between the European Commission and Hungary. In July 2017, the Commission opened infringement proceedings against Hungary under Article 63 TFEU and articles 7, 8, and 12 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Moreover, in its 2020 Rule of Law Report, the Commission expressed serious criticisms about constructive engagement with civil society organizations in Hungary. The new Civil Code harmonized the general rules on the operation, management, and supervision of civil society organizations with the provisions applicable to companies.1 In recent years, several (mostly critical) comments have been made in the legal literature on the promotion of dispositive regulation. Based on the above, the aim of the present study is to explore the existing legislation on the registration of NGOs, in the framework of which the legal status of NGOs will be clarified, and the related regulations of recent years – namely, Act CLXXXI of 2011 on the court registration of NGOs and the related procedural rules and Act CLXXV of 2011 on the freedom of association, non-profit status, and the operation and support of civil organizations – will be analysed.
Before 26 June 2017, there was no single universal regulation governing the treatment of insolvency cases concerning groups of companies or certain members of a group in the European Union. The Regulation (EU) 2015/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on insolvency proceedings defines the effective execution of insolvency proceedings at the different group members involved as the general objective of the legal source. The aim of my paper is to review the detailed rules of group coordination proceedings, during which I focus on the request for opening group coordination proceedings, on the possibility of defining which court has jurisdiction, on the review of the opt-out and opt-in rights related to group coordination proceedings and on the presentation of the powers assigned to the coordinator.Before 26 June 2017, there was no single universal regulation governing the treatment of insolvency cases concerning groups of companies or certain members of a group in the European Union. The Regulation (EU) 2015/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on insolvency proceedings defines the effective execution of insolvency proceedings at the different group members involved as the general objective of the legal source. The aim of my paper is to review the detailed rules of group coordination proceedings, during which I focus on the request for opening group coordination proceedings, on the possibility of defining which court has jurisdiction, on the review of the opt-out and opt-in rights related to group coordination proceedings and on the presentation of the powers assigned to the coordinator.
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