There is a need for renewable building materials that are suitable replacements for conventional building materials such as steel and concrete. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a relatively new composite timber product with increasing use and interest in North America due to its renewable properties. Due to the unique environmental and mechanical properties of CLT, the possibility for rapid construction, and familiarity with the base material (timber), it follows that CLT may be promising for use in temporary military housing. In order to be a material for consideration in temporary military structures, CLT must be evaluated for force protection (i.e. blast effects). To investigate this possibility, the authors used data from live blasting testing conducted by WoodWorks at the US Air Force Civil Engineer Center on multiple two-storey, single-bay CLT structures. A single degree of freedom model (SDOF) was used in conjunction with the shear analogy method to predict the behavior of the CLT structures in the elastic regime. Through the CLT SDOF model, the paper highlights the necessity for further testing of CLT under blast loadings to quantify the effects of shear, boundary conditions, dynamic strength, and other properties.
This research bridges the gap between the quasi-static and high-strain-rate loading regimes in cross-laminated timber (CLT) by investigating two areas that have remained unstudied or elusive, i.e., rolling shear failure of CLT under impulsive, blast-like loading and intermediate strain rates in CLT. To study the conditions that would promote shear modes of failure, a novel, highly adaptable center-point testing system and methodology were developed that permitted the application of impulsive loading to undamaged CLT panels in a highly controlled and repeatable manner. The loading condition and low span-to-depth ratio (6.40 ≤ L:h ≤ 6.55) CLT were selected to encourage the development of shear modes of failure. Changes to the rotational rigidity at the boundary conditions allowed for the empirical simulation of realistic boundary conditions. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and load cell data were used to identify failure modes following loss in resistance in the specimens. Overall, the experiment was successful in consistently eliciting shear modes of failure and providing damage characterization in impulsively loaded CLT. Shear modes of failure resulted in the dramatic loss of resistance in all specimens tested. Strain-rate enhancement in the dynamic apparent flexural stiffness of CLT of 1.3 to 7.2 times was observed. Lower levels of damage were observed in specimens with higher levels of boundary-condition rotational rigidity.
“Yo estaba con el Maestro Noel Flores en su taller y le preguntaba si era posible en la escultura, lo que en la pintura le corresponde al dibujo lineal, que es un recurso en la ilustración editorial, además de su belleza intrínseca y mirando en el suelo le señalé un rollo de alambre, una parte del mismo incluso ya herrumbrado por el tiempo…, solo me dijo: vuelva en una semana. Al regresar miré esta joya y él expresó: A ese alambre le di estructura y el soplo del espíritu.”Denis Torres Pérez
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