[1] Recently, against the backdrop of current climate, several regional studies have investigated the applicability of the Clausius-Clapeyron relation to the scaling relationship between extreme precipitation intensity and surface air temperature. Nevertheless, the temperature relationship of the extreme precipitation intensity on a global scale is still unclear. We assess, for the first time, the global relationship between the extreme daily precipitation intensity and the daily surface air temperature using in-situ data. The extreme daily precipitation intensity increased monotonically with the daily surface air temperature at high latitudes and decreased monotonically in the tropics. Similarly, the extreme daily precipitation intensity at middle latitudes increased at low temperatures and decreased at high temperatures; this decrease could be largely attributed to the decrease in the wet-event duration. The Clausius-Clapeyron scaling is applicable to the increase in the extreme daily precipitation intensity in a limited number of regions. However, the potential applicability of the Clausius-Clapeyron scaling on sub-hourly timescale was observed, even in regions where the Clausius-Clapeyron scaling on daily timescale was not applicable. This implies the potential of warming to intensify extreme precipitation on sub-hourly timescales.
Studies, Japan Abstract Potential changes in the availability of water resources are one of the greatest concerns relating to global climate warming. Socio-economic developments will also influence water use and demands. This study was conducted to evaluate potential changes in water withdrawals and availability under various socio-economic and climate change scenarios. In the current paper, which presents the first part of the study, future potential water withdrawals are projected according to socio-economic driving factors under the scenarios A1b, A2, B1, and B2 of the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES), which was released for the Fourth Assessment Report on global warming by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR4) in 2000. Total world water withdrawal is currently approximately 3800 km 3 /year, and will likely exceed 6000 km 3 /year by 2055, according to all scenarios. Water withdrawal is projected to increase in the future, but change trends largely depend on the socio-economic scenarios. Scenario A2 shows the extreme situation of continuously increasing water withdrawal. The scenario with global cooperation on solutions to social, economic, and environmental issues (Scenario B1) illustrates that society can reach relatively higher economic development by using less water and thus encourages sustainable governance of world water resources. In addition, comparison with other studies is conducted to help us understand the uncertainty range when projecting world water withdrawals according to different methods and assumptions.Key words global warming; socio-economic development; SRES; water withdrawal; world water resources
Projection des ressources en eau mondiales futures selon les scénarios du RSSE: prélèvement d'eauRésumé Les changements potentiels dans la disponibilité des ressources en eau sont un des enjeux majeurs en lien avec le réchauffement climatique global. Des développements socio-économiques vont également influencer les usages et demandes en eau. Une étude a été conduite pour évaluer les changements potentiels dans les prélèvements et la disponibilité en eau selon plusieurs scénarios socio-économiques et de changement climatique. Dans cet article, qui présente la première partie de l'étude, les prélèvements futurs potentiels sont projetés en fonction de déterminants socio-économiques prévus par les scénarios A1b, A2, B1 et B2 du Rapport Spécial sur les Scénarios d'Emission (RSSE), qui a été établi en 2000 dans le cadre du Quatrième Rapport d'Evaluation sur le réchauffement climatique par le Groupe d'experts Intergouvernemental sur l'Evolution du Climat (GIEC-RE4). Le prélèvement d'eau total mondial s'élève actuellement approximativement à 3800 km 3 /an, et dépassera vraisemblablement les 6000 km 3 /an en 2055, quel que soit le scénario. La projection dans le futur du prélèvement d'eau est croissante, mais les tendances du changement dépendent largement des scénarios socio-économiques. Le scénario A2 présente la situation extrême d'un prélèvement d'eau qui croît con...
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