Wood creosote, principally a mixture of non-, alkyl- and/or alkoxy-substituted phenolic compounds, was orally administered to adult male volunteers to determine its metabolites and pharmacokinetic parameters. After a 133-mg single dose, its major constituents (i.e. phenol 15 mg, guaiacol 32 mg, p-cresol 18 mg and creosol 24 mg) were found in peripheral venous blood and urine, mostly as glucuronic acid and, except for creosol, as sulfate conjugates. Low concentrations of un-conjugated phenols were also detected. The metabolites in the serum started to increase 15 min after the dose, and they reached their maximum concentrations 30 min after administration. The maximum concentrations of glucuronides were 0.18 ± 0.07,0.91 ± 0.38,0.33 ± 0.18 and 0.47 ± 0.23 mg/l; those of sulfates were 0.16 ± 0.06,0.22 ± 0.09,0.17 ± 0.07 and < 0.04 mg/l for phenol, guaiacol, p-cresol and creosol, respectively. The 24-hour urinary recoveries of the sum of each compound and its metabolites were 75 ± 35, 45 ± 36, 103 ± 51 and 74 ± 36%, in the above order. The presence of guaiacol glucuronide in blood and urine was directly verified by its isolation and structure analyses.
a b s t r a c tTephrochronology is an exceptionally important tool in the precise regional correlation of Early and Middle Pleistocene sedimentary strata in Japan. The present study reveals that the Yukawa tephra 5 (YUT5) derived from the Older Ontake volcano, the Nezumigawa (Nzg) and Mitamitajima (Mtj) tephras of the Ina Bazin, and the Byakubi-E tephra (Byk-E) of the Boso Peninsula are the same tephra on the basis of their lithofacies, bulk grain composition, mafic mineral composition, major element composition of hornblende, and stratigraphic relationships with the dated tephras. We propose to call the series of tephras correlated with Byk-E the Ontake-Byakubi Tephra Bed (On-Byk Tephra) following the naming convention in which the tephra name consists of the names of the source volcano and the type location. The Matuyama-Brunhes Chronozone boundary occurs just above Byk-E in the type section of the Kokumoto Formation in the Kazusa Group, which is a candidate Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the lower boundary of the Middle Pleistocene Subseries. Therefore, On-Byk Tephra becomes a critically important marker tephra bed for the Early-Middle Pleistocene boundary in central Japan. The present study indicates that the major element composition of hornblende can be a useful tool for identification and correlation of strongly weathered tephra layers such as Nzg and Mtj in which all the volcanic glass shards have been altered.
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