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Novel bio-based hydrogels were prepared by cross-linking of microbial poly(gamma-glutamic acid) (PGA) with saccharides such as glucose, maltotriose, and cyclodextrin (CD) in the presence of water-soluble carbodiimide in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by one-pot synthesis at 25 degrees C for 24 h. The degradation of the gels in alkaline solution (pH 9) at 37 degrees C was also investigated. The PGA gels cross-linked with various neutral saccharides were obtained in relatively high recovery yields by use of a base like 4,4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. The PGA gel cross-linked by glucose showed the highest water absorption of 3000 g/g. The PGA gels cross-linked by CDs showed higher water absorption than those cross-linked by the corresponding linear saccharides. It was revealed that the water absorption of the PGA gel was affected by the cross-linker content and also the structure of cross-linkers as they had an effect on the cross-linking density of the PGA gel. The PGA gels were hydrolyzed under alkaline condition (pH 9) at 37 degrees C. The degradation rate was higher when the cross-linker content of the gel was lower.

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Bio-based biodegradable hydrogels were prepared by crosslinking microbial homo poly(amino acid), poly(c-glutamic acid) (PGA), with L-lysine in a one-pot synthesis in the presence of 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM) at 25 1C. The crosslinking was carried out in aqueous solution and the yields of the gels prepared with DMT-MM were higher than those prepared with water-soluble carbodiimide. The water absorption of the PGA gels crosslinked with L-lysine ranged from 300 to 2100 g/g. The water absorption of the PGA gel was affected by the amount of crosslinker and DMT-MM, which had an effect on the crosslinking density of the PGA gel. It was confirmed in a hydrolysis test in a buffer of pH 9 at 37 1C that the obtained gel that was crosslinked with L-lysine by amide bonds was more resistant to hydrolysis than the gel crosslinked by ester bonds. biochemical oxygen demand-biodegradability of the PGA gel crosslinked with L-lysine reached 60% in activated sludge at 25 1C.

This study indicates that the promotion of fatty acid oxidation, probably by the action of phytochemicals, participates in the ameliorative effect of E. ulmoides leaves on hypertriglyceridaemia. These findings provide the scientific evidence for the functionality of E. ulmoides.

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The improved dual interactions with both the lectin (PNA, a cellular receptor model) and an anticancer drug (DXR) have been observed in per-C-6 oligosaccharide-branched cyclodextrin (2) using an optical biosensor based on SPR.