Giant magneto-resistance (GMR) spin-valve films with an FeSiB/CoFeB free layer were fabricated to detect applied strain in a GMR device. The magnetostriction constant of FeSiB was experimentally determined to have 32 ppm, which was one order of magnitude larger than that of CoFeB. In order to detect the strain sensitively and robustly against magnetic field fluctuation, the magnetic field modulation technique was applied to the GMR device. It was confirmed that the output voltage of the GMR device depends on the strain, and the gauge factor K = 46 was obtained by adjusting the applied DC field intensity and direction. We carried out the simulation based on a macro-spin model assuming uniaxial anisotropy, interlayer coupling between the free and pin layers, strain-induced anisotropy, and Zeeman energy, and succeeded in reproducing the experimental results. The simulation predicts that improving the magnetic properties of GMR films, especially reducing interlayer coupling, will be effective for increasing the output, i.e., the gauge factor, of the GMR strain sensors.
A quick, easy and highly sensitive analysis of toxic metals has been required for a purpose of WEEE and RoHS directive. 3 dimensional polarization optics energy dispersive X Ray fluorescence spectrometer (3D EDX, Epsilon5, PANalytical B.V.) has been introduced as a easy and accurate with high sensitive method for bulk samples. To adapt this measurement method to shaped Brass samples, the scatter collection was used. Intensities of each element lines (Ka for Cr, Cd and Lb for Pb) have been collected by Rayleigh scatter of each secondary targets these are used for exciting interesting elements. Calibration curves were created and obtained by CRM's bulk flat Brass standard samples for Cr, Cd, and Pb. Estimated LLD (Lower Limit of Detection) was Cd 3.28 mg/g, Pb 29.0 mg/g, and Cr 6.64 mg/g with 300 seconds measurement time for each condition. Cd and Pb of some shaped and small Brass samples, they have been quantified by ICP AES, were measured and quantified by Rayleigh scatter collection. As a result of this comparison, there are quite good correlation between ICP AES and Epsilon5 with Rayleigh scatter correction. This correlation was also valid for smaller samples (e.g. 5 mg sample weight for Pb measurement). These LLD were kept while measurement was done within Maximum operating power (600 W, 100 kV, 6 mA).
We propose a magnetic mirror probe method for measurement of the electron temperatures of a magnetized plasma parallel and perpendicular to a magnetic field. The most simple magnetic mirror probe is introduced which is made of ferromagnetic spherical metal.
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