The xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activity of propolis from China and Brazil was measured. The propolis from both place were seen to have XOD inhibitory activity. However, a stronger tendency was shown in the propolis from China. The compounds in each the propolis were measured quantitatively. A great deal of chrysin, galangin, and caŠeic acid phenetyl ester were found in the propolis from China, an abundance of p-coumaric acid and artepillin C in the propolis from Brazil. Therefore it was revealed that the propolis compounds are very diŠerent depending on their place of origin. The XOD inhibitory activity of theseˆve compounds was measured. CaŠeic acid phenetyl ester had the strongest activity, with chrysin and galangin next; p-coumaric acid and artepillin C showed weak XOD inhibitory activity. We evaluated the hypouricemic eŠect of propolis from China on hyperuricemia induced by the uricase inhibitor, oxonic acid (500 mg/kg p.o., 1 h before the test drugs), and measured plasma uric acid values in rats. Oral propolis had a hypouricemic eŠect 2 h after its administration to oxonate-pretreated rats. These results suggested that a continuous intake of propolis may be eŠective for the prevention and the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia.
An analytical method for evaluation of quantitative hardenability of eutectoid steels from the corresponding TTT diagram was considered. The isothermal transformation kinetics of pearlite and cooling curves were combined by the additivity rule, and an equation expressing continuous cooling transformation of pearlite has been derived. Based on this equation, simple algorithms for the calculation of the widely used measure of hardenability, such as the critical cooling rates, the Jominy distance and the ideal critical diameter from the corresponding TTT diagram were presented. It was shown that the derived equations give the above measures of hardenability with good accuracy. Finally the relationships between Jo and DI and among DI, Da and H were reexamined taking cooling transformation into account. It was found that the formerly obtained relationships based on the half temperature time require correction. New relationships based on the cooling transformation were presented.
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