Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) possess positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes and an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) element within their 5′-untranslated regions. To investigate the common host factors associated with these IRESs, we established cell lines expressing a bicistronic luciferase reporter plasmid containing an FMDV-IRES or CSFV-IRES element between the Renilla and firefly luciferase genes. First, we treated FMDV-IRES cells with the French maritime pine extract, Pycnogenol (PYC), and examined its suppressive effect on FMDV-IRES activity, as PYC has been reported to have antiviral properties. Next, we performed microarray analysis to identify the host factors that modified their expression upon treatment with PYC, and confirmed their function using specific siRNAs. We found that polycystic kidney disease 1-like 3 (PKD1L3) and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 31 (USP31) were associated with FMDV-IRES activity. Moreover, silencing of these factors significantly suppressed CSFV-IRES activity. Thus, PKD1L3 and USP31 are host factors associated with the functions of FMDV- and CSFV-IRES elements.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) both possess positive strand RNA genomes and an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) element within their 5¢-untranslated regions. To identify common host factors involved with the activity of these IRESes, we utilized cell lines expressing a bicistronic luciferase reporter plasmid, which contained an FMDV-IRES or CSFV-IRES element between the Renilla and firefly luciferase genes. First, we treated FMDV-IRES cells with French maritime pine extract, Pycnogenol® (PYC), and evaluated its suppressive effect on FMDV-IRES activity, as anti-viral effect of PYC was reported so far. We next performed microarray analysis to identify host factors affected by PYC, and confirmed host-factor-IRES interaction by applying host factor-specific siRNAs. We found that polycystic kidney disease 1-like 3 (PKD1L3) and ubiquitin specific peptidase 31 (USP31) are involved in FMDV-IRES activity. Moreover, silencing of these factors also significantly suppressed CSFV-IRES activity. Accordingly, we suggest that PKD1L3 and USP31 are host factors that are involved in the function of the FMDV and CSFV-IRES elements.
It is well known that with some remedies, e. g., arsphenamine, mercury, bismuth and iodide of potassium, several years of continuous administration are required to ensure complete recovery from paroxysmal hemoglobinuria. Recently, S. Inamori of the department of pediatrics at Manchuria Medical College reported that the inoculation of Spirochaeta morsus-muris brings about complete cure in cases of hemoglobinuria in a short period. About ten months elapsed after the treatment of the patient before Inamori was able to confirm his statements, because the patient did not visit the hospital for a long time after the treatment was completed. Lately, there has been another opportunity to use this treatment in a similar case, and the result was so striking that it seems to be worth while to report it in full. REPORT OF A CASEHistory.\p=m-\S. M., a girl, aged 4\m=3/4\years, was admitted to the hospital on Oct. 29, 1931. Both parents were healthy, and she had two healthy brothers. The mother had had no abortions. The patient was the third child, and was born easily at the end of the full term. Her past history was unimportant.During the last two winters, whenever the child caught a cold, she used to complain first of thirst. This was followed by prostration, pallor and swelling, pain, and cyanosis of the backs of the hands and feet, accompanied by fever, and finally the passing of reddish-brown urine. The aforementioned symptoms usually disappeared after about half an hour or so, when the patient stayed in a warm place.Examination.-The structure and the general nutrition of the patient were nor¬ mal, except that she was very pale. The cubital lymph nodes on both arms were swollen to the size of the lens of an eye. The thorax was normal. The liver was palpable at 0.5 cm. beneath the border of the ribs ; the spleen was palpable and its consistence was normal. The child had many decayed teeth. There were no signs of syphilis or edema. The knee reflexes were normal. The temperature was 36.9 C. (98.4 F.) ; the pulse was full and regular and registered 110. The respira¬ tions were 32. The weight was 14,550 Gm. The urine was yellow, clear and acid. There were a trace of albumin and a few leukocytes.
In order to provide a long-term rehabilitation program for patients with severe motor and intellectual disorders, we investigated various features of their ADL in accordance with the impairment and disability model of WHO (1980). Twelve components of ADL, basically evaluated into 6-degree levels, were examined and compared between each age-group among 92 patients in an institution. ADL abilities in many patients of the teenage group were severely impaired, which partly reflects the recent noticeable advance in perinatal medicine. We also found, especially in groups older than 20s, that the older the group was, the fewer the patients with a high ADL level and the more the patients with a very low ADL level. Moreover, significant correlations decreased between the ADL component in older groups. The analysis of quantification theory type I for ADL ability to keep sitting revealed that such ADL was generally composed of both the inherent motor and intellectual ability, and the acquired capacity. Therefore, in most patients with severe motor and intellectual disorders, we should aim to help them maximize their inherent ability until their 20s. After their 20s, it may then be reasonable to shift the focus of the long-term rehabilitation program both to maintain their acquired ADL and to prevent the progress of secondary and aging-related disabilities.
Abstract:In patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities, we investigated the principles of rehabilitation programs for the long term. According to the impairment and disability model of WHO (1980), the impairment level and its relationship to other clinical factors of 92 institutionalized patients were examined. Firstly, results showed that the teenage group revealed more severe impairment and suffered more frequently from preand perinatal disturbances (including prematurity) than other older age groups. These findings may reflect the recent noticeable advances in perinatal medicine. Secondly, deformity of the skeleton began in their 20s in some patients, and the significant correlations between each impairment component decreased in older groups. Thirdly, the multivariable analysis between sitting ability and impairment elements revealed that the level of motor and cognition abilities in a teenage group still reflect their individual developmental history during early life, but little in older groups. These evidences suggest that the fundamental factors that affect impairment levels may change their make-up by their 20s at latest. (Jpn J Rehabil Med 1998; 35: 412-418)
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