To assess the trade-offs associated with cold and heat tolerance, selection experiments were conducted on the rate of recovery from chill-and heat-coma using Drosophila melanogaster. Flies were treated with cold and heat to induce coma, and those that showed rapid or slow recovery from coma were selected. The lines selected for rapid (or slow) recovery from chill-coma also showed rapid (slow) recovery from heat-coma, although such a correlation was not observed in the lines selected for the rate of recovery from heat-coma. On the other hand, survival after cold was enhanced in both lines selected for rapid and slow recovery from chill-coma, and survival after heat was enhanced in both lines selected for rapid and slow recovery from heat-coma. It was assumed that cold and heat treatments to induce coma caused some damages to flies and those that were tolerant to cold or heat were unintentionally selected in the present coma-based selection. Only a weak trade-off was observed between survival-based cold and heat tolerance. On the other hand, developmental time was prolonged and desiccation resistance, walking speed, and longevity were reduced in the lines selected for rapid and slow recovery from chilland/or heat-coma, suggesting that these resistance and life-history traits are under trade-offs with cold and/or heat tolerance.

Oxygen consumption at rest was studied in drosophilid species from cool-temperate, warm-temperate and subtropical regions to assess whether adaptations to different climates are associated with changes in metabolic rates. In experiments at 23°C using 8-day-old males of 28 species, body mass was revealed to be a significant predictor of oxygen consumption. No significant relation was detected between massadjusted oxygen consumption and latitudinal distribution or thermal tolerance by either conventional regression analysis or a phylogenetically based method. The effect of temperature on oxygen consumption was studied with experiments at 15, 18, 23 and 28°C using 8-and 24-day-old males of four species of each of the montium species subgroup and the subgenus Drosophila. In these experiments, it was confirmed that temperature was a significant predictor of mass-adjusted oxygen consumption. In both lineages, massadjusted oxygen consumption was not higher in cool-temperate species than in subtropical species. Thus, adaptations to colder climates are not associated with elevation of metabolic rates in these drosophilid species. The results of the present study also indicate that oxygen consumption is not related to the capacity to walk quickly.

Burinawa is a long rope equipped with many white painted wooden strips "buriki" and stone weights at regular intervals, and is the main device used in Buriami fishery. The moving perfor mance of the Burinawa, used in the Buriami fishery for catching red sea bream Pagrus major and crimson sea bream Evynnis japonica, was measured by radar on board an anchored training ship. The shape, enclosing area and towing speed of the Burinawa were analyzed. The shape of the Burinawa was U-shaped, reduced in a similar manner with elapsed time, and was affected by the current. The enclosed area decreased almost exponentially. The towing speed of the Burinawa was 0.3kt at the middle and 0.5kt at both ends. The movement of the buriki and the tension of it were measured in a flume tank. Power spectra were estimated from the measurements. A dominant frequency of 1.3Hz was identified at only a flow speed of 0.3kt. From the results of the experiment, it was suggested that the Burinawa drive fish schools by visual and acoustic stimuli.

Mangrove forests, featured by the complex root system, were found effective among natural-based solutions in coastal disaster reduction (e.g. Guannel et al. 2016). The prop roots of mangroves have been deemed useful in attenuating waves and were addressed in several recent experimental works using artificial tree models (e.g. Maza et al. 2019). In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted on both model scale and prototype scale using more realistic models. We aim to provide a comprehensive investigation of wave-induced forces exerted on mangroves and propose proper relationships of force coefficients with flow parameters under various incident conditions.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/b59ewNY7mSI