1. The roles that streambed geometry, channel morphology, and water velocity play in the retention and subsequent breakdown of leaf litter in small streams were examined by conducting a series of field and laboratory experiments. 2. In the first experiment, conditioned red alder (Alnus rubra Bongard) leaves were released individually in three riffles and three pools in a second-order stream. The transport distance of each leaf was measured. Several channel and streambed variables were measured at each leaf settlement location and compared with a similar number of measurements taken at regular intervals along streambed transects ('reference locations'). Channel features (such as water depth) and substrate variables (including stone height, stone height-to-width ratio, and relative protrusion) were the most important factors in leaf retention. 3. In the second experiment, the role of settlement location and reach type in determining the rate of leaf litter breakdown was examined by placing individual conditioned red alder leaves in exposed and sheltered locations (on the upper and lower edges of the upstream face of streambed stones, respectively) in riffle and pool habitats. After 10 days, percent mass remaining of each leaf was measured. Generally, leaves broke down faster in pools than in riffles. However, the role of exposure in breakdown rate differed between reach types (exposed pool > sheltered pool > sheltered riffle > exposed riffle). 4. In the third experiment, the importance of substrate geometry on leaf litter retention was examined by individually releasing artificial leaves upstream of a series of substrate models of varying shape. Substrates with high-angle upstream faces (were vertical or close to vertical), and that had high aspect ratios (were tall relative to their width), retained leaves more effectively. 5. These results show that streambed morphology is an important factor in leaf litter retention and breakdown. Interactions between substrate and flow characteristics lead to the creation of detrital resource patchiness, and may partition leaf litter inputs between riffles and pools in streams at baseflow conditions.

Abstract-Videotapes of dye dispersion experiments in the epilimnion of a small lake were successfully analyzed with image-processing techniques. The rate of horizontal dispersion from dye releases in the center of the lake was consistent with previous observations in oceans and large lakes. We derive a power-law relationship that relates the apparent diffusivity to the characteristic length scale of the dye patch. This relationship applies to all three data sets and is valid over length scales ranging from 10 m to more than 100 km. Dye releases from a point on the shore of the same lake dispersed slightly faster than the central releases. This observation, while clearly not universal, has prompted the successful shore-based fertilization of several small lakes.

Summary 1. After it enters streams, terrestrially derived organic matter (OM) rapidly absorbs water. Using field and laboratory experiments, we examined how this process affected the buoyancy, settling velocity, transport distance and retention locations of four types of organic matter typically found in Pacific coastal streams (‘flexible’ red alder leaves and three ‘stiff’ particle types – Douglas‐fir needles, red cedar fronds and Douglas‐fir branch pieces). 2. Immersion in water rapidly changed the physical characteristics of alder leaves, Douglas‐fir needles and red cedar fronds, which all reached constant still‐water settling velocities after only a few days of soaking. In contrast, the settling velocity of branch pieces continued to increase for 13 days, eventually reaching much higher values than any other OM type. Dried alder leaves became negatively buoyant after only two days of immersion, while other types took substantially longer (up to 24 days) before the specific gravity of all particles was >1. 3. We released saturated OM particles in an experimental channel and found that all particle types travelled further in a fast, shallow ‘riffle’ than a slow, deep ‘pool’. Comparisons with a passive settlement null model indicated that leaves were retained more rapidly than expected in the riffle (by large protruding stones), while the three stiff particle types travelled further than expected (probably due to turbulent suspension) and were retained when they settled in deeper water between larger stones. In pools, passive settlement appeared to dominate the retention of all OM types, with leaves travelling furthest. 4. These retention patterns corresponded well with those observed when saturated OM particles collected in the field were released in two pools and two riffles in a second‐order coastal stream. 5. When the experimental channel and in‐stream data were combined, the retention rates of the three stiff OM types were closely related to calculated Rouse numbers (Rouse number = particle settling velocity/shear velocity), whereas the retention rate of alder leaves was not. This suggests that different physical mechanisms are responsible for the retention of leaves and stiff OM types in shallow streams.

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The dynamic behaviour of sediment-laden underflows was examined in Peyto Lake, Alberta, Canada, which contains a midlake sill 7 m high. Sediment-laden underflows are driven by the downslope component of negative buoyant gravity multiplied by the current's thickness. Our measurements of wind, lake currents and water properties indicate that underflows pass over the sill due to the active storage of turbid suspension near the bottom in the deepest proximal region. Sill overflows occurred only when a hydrological threshold of the inflowing river was exceeded, causing quasicontinuous underflow and associated sedimentation in the distal region of the lake basin.

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