Emerging infectious disease like EVD adversely affects government tax and expenditures in many affected African countries. This has the potential to indirectly threaten the lives and livelihoods of more than 22 million people in Ebola-affected areas (ACAPS 2014). The epidemic may also have a long-term socio-economic and political implications on the affected country's development trajectory (Piot 2014). The first episode of the disease was first recorded in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1976. The most recent outbreak occurred in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea. The origin of EVD (the primary infectious event) is yet to be known in spite of various studies that have been carried out on the epidemic. According to Nadia, (2015) an index case was identified four times and hypothesized in two other instances among the twenty-one documented outbreaks of EVD in Africa. For instance, as at 2016, there were estimated 28,639 suspected, likely, and established cases of EVD and a projected 11,316 deaths from the 2014 epidemic of EVD in West Africa (CDC 2016). More so, there were 2427 reported cases and 1597 deaths in all other outbreaks of Ebola (CDC 2016). The Ebola outbreak began slowly in Sierra Leone and quickly degenerated to an epidemic between May and June, 2014. An ex-post examination indicated that the first case recorded in Sierra Leone was a woman who was a guest at the home of the index case in Meliandou, Guinea (WHO 2015).

This paper investigates the nexus between greenhouse gas emissions and poverty alleviation in the Economic Commission of West African States between 1985 and 2020 applying autoregressive distributed lag and Granger causality techniques. The results reveal that carbon dioxide non‐significantly relates to gross domestic product per capita positively while nitrous oxide and foreign direct investment impacts gross domestic product per capita positively. Methane negatively impacts gross domestic product per capita. The governments should use conventions to regulate greenhouse gas emissions’ effects on environmental degradation regionally and globally. The study underscores that countries should diversify to cleaner energy sources. This would reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Massive technological investment is required to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions’ negative impacts on the environment which create poverty. This policy implication ensures environmental sustainability and reverses the ugly trend of greenhouse gas emissions on poverty.

Purpose: Even though ART services in Cameroon are highly subsidized, people living with HIV/AIDS still incur a non-ART drug cost.  This piece of paper is aimed at investigating the health service utilization pattern and the outpatient and inpatient costs incurred by people living with HIV/AIDS in the Nkambe District Hospital. Methodology: A single facility-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between February and June 2018 at Nkambe District Hospital. A micro-costing analysis was used to determine the direct and indirect cost of treatment and access. Data were collected using an administered questionnaire and secondary data from patients’ files, analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A convenient and purposive sample of 346 participants were enrolled (281 outpatients and 65 inpatients). Results: Result shows that, majority of participants (97.5%) were in their follow up visit. 83.3% had been on ART for more than 1year, while more than half (59.5%) visited the hospital every after 3months for ART refilled. 80% of admitted cases were admitted for the first time. An average direct cost of treatment access was 2108.89FCFA ($3.47) for outpatient and 30414.31FCFA ($54.12) for inpatient, giving an annual average cost of 8435.56FCFA ($15) and 121657.24 FCFA ($216.5), respectively. Conclusion: This work concluded that the of ART services is not sufficient to eliminate the economic burden of treatment on HIV patients. Recommendations: Implementing effective community dispensation of ARVs and other differentiated care models like multi-month scripting and home dispensations well as creating more HIV treatment centers is vital. Also, implementation of a user fee policy for other HIV services. Finally, accelerating the process of universal health coverage in Cameroon will go a long way to help HIV patients and their households.

This paper focuses on how education contributes to economic growth. That is to say that there is a significant relationship between the variables of education and the economic growth of Cameroon. Education is therefore a priority for all nations. This shows the prominent place it occupies in the Constitution of almost every state. There are several studies that have focused on the relationship between education and economic growth of the microeconomic perspective, as macroeconomic, both theoretically and empirically. Empirical studies, which have been carried out everywhere around the world, do not agree with the fact that education has a positive effect on economic growth. The estimation results show that literacy rate, however, remains ambiguous and contradictory when OLS is going to GMM. Investing in Literacy is a challenge for development and it is the heart of poverty reduction process at all levels.