Background WPV amongst healthcare workers has been reported as a public health challenge across the countries of the world, with more in the developing countries where condition of care and service is very poor. Objectives We aimed to systematically produce empirical evidence on the WPV against health care workers in Africa through the review of relevant literature. Method We sourced for evidence through the following databases: PubMed, Science direct and Scopus from 30 th November to 31 st December 2019 as well as the reference list of the studies included. A total of 22 peer reviewed articles were included in the review (8065 respondents). Quality appraisal of the included studies was assessed using critical appraisal tools for cross-sectional studies. Result Across the studies, diverse but high prevalence of WPV ranging from 9% to 100% was reported with the highest in South Africa (54%–100%) and Egypt (59.7%–86.1%). The common types were verbal, physical, sexual harassment and psychological violence. The correlates of WPV reported were gender, age, shift duty, emergency unit, psychiatric unit, nursing, marital status and others. Various impacts were reported including psychological impacts and desire to quit nursing. Patients and their relatives, the coworkers and supervisors were the mostly reported perpetrators of violence. Doctors were mostly implicated in the sexual violence against nurses. Policy on violence and management strategies were non-existent across the studies. Conclusion High prevalence of WPV against healthcare workers exists in Africa but there is still paucity of research on the subject matter. However, urgent measures like policy formulation and others must be taken to address the WPV as to avert the impact on the healthcare system.

Background Respiratory tract infections are one of the common infection associated with Hajj pilgrimage that is of great public health and global concern. This study is aimed at determining the factor structure of the knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire for the prevention of respiratory tract infections during Hajj by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Methods A multistage cluster sampling method was conducted on Malaysian Umrah pilgrims during the weekly Umrah orientation course. A total of 200 Umrah pilgrims participated in the study. The knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) questionnaire was distributed to pilgrims at the beginning of the orientation and retrieved immediately at the end of the orientation. Data analysis was done using R version 3.5.0 after data entry into SPSS 24. The robust maximum likelihood was used for the estimation due to the multivariate normality assumption violation. A two-factor model was tested for measurement model validity and construct validity for each of the attitude and practice domains. Results CFA of a 25-item in total, the two-factor model yielded adequate goodness-of-fit values. The measurement model also showed good convergent and discriminant validity after model re-specification. A two-factor model was tested for measurement model validity and construct validity for each of the attitude and practice domains. The result also showed a statistically significant value (p < 0.001) with χ2 (df) values of 76.8 (43) and 121 (76) for attitude and practice domains, respectively. Conclusion The KAP questionnaire was proven to have a valid measurement model and reliable constructs. It was deemed suitable for use to measure the KAP of Hajj and Umrah pilgrims towards the prevention for all respiratory tract infections.

Quarry workers are commonly afflicted with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This health problem has been recognized as a significant threat to the quarry workers' safety but is rarely reported, particularly in Nigeria. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of MSDs and their associated factors among quarry workers. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted, and data were collected using a self-administered Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. A total of 266 participants were selected through systematic random sampling method among male and female quarry workers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The data were analysed using SPSS version 26, and descriptive statistics were used to determine the prevalence and types of MSDs. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used to identify the factors associated with MSDs. Results: The results revealed that majority of the respondents (89.8%) had MSDs, with the most common types being lower back pain (83.1%) and elbow pain (45.9%). Based on multiple logistic regression modelling, BMI (Adjusted OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.06,0.55, p ¼ 0.003), age (Adjusted OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.07, 1.23, p < 0.001), work experience (Adjusted OR 2.08, CI 1.00, 4.30, p ¼ 0.049), Vibration exposure (Adjusted OR 0.45, CI 0.27, 0.74, P ¼ 0.002), working hour (Adjusted OR 6.84, CI 0.84, 53.4, p ¼ 0.007) and break time (Adjusted OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91,0.98, p ¼ 0.006) were significantly associated with MSDs. Conclusion: MSDs are prevalent among the quarry workers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Thus, there is an urgent need to increase the workers' and employers' awareness of appropriate ergonomic and personal measures needed to improve the workers' safety and well-being.