An emissions inventory of primary air pollutants based on anthropogenic sources was prepared with 1-km spatial and 1-hour temporal resolution within an area of 85 km by 170 km centered on the metropolitan area of Istanbul, which is a megacity in Europe, as well as the economic, cultural, and financial center of Turkey. The emissions sources were broadly classified as industrial, vehicular and residential heating sources in a systematic manner. The emissions of five main pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), particulate matter (PM 10 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), were estimated. Data on the activity levels of the various industries, fuel consumption in vehicles, and residential heating activities, along with the related emission factors from literature, were used for estimation of the emissions for the year 2007. The results show that SO 2 emissions primarily came from the use of lignite and fuel oil in industrial plants and residential areas. Industry was the most polluting sector with regard to SO 2 emissions, contributing about 83% of the total, while residential heating was the most polluting sector with regard to PM 10 emissions, contributing 51% of the total. Traffic was also the most polluting sector for NO x , NMVOC and CO emissions, with the contributions of 89%, 68% and 68%, respectively. With regard to PM 10 emissions, several sand and gravel processing plants, along with one big cement plant, were the main polluters in the metropolitan area.
Understanding the consumption-based accounting (CBA), production-based accounting (PBA), and emissions embodied in trade is an important prerequisite for designing climate mitigation policies. Environmentally extended input–output (EEIO) models have been developed to evaluate the linkages between economic activities and environmental impacts as well as the embodied emissions in goods and services that are traded between countries. In this study, an environmentally extended global multi-regional input–output (EE GMRIO) analysis is performed to calculate Turkey’s CBA emissions and import-based embodied emissions for the year 2015 using the Eora26 database, which is a simplified version of the Eora database adapted to 26 economic sectors. The key sectors and sectoral carbon intensities of countries are determined in terms of embodied emissions in imports for household consumption. Our results indicate that Turkey was a net importer of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2015 and about 10% of total emissions of the final consumption in Turkey have occurred in other countries. The dominant contributing sectors to a nation’s GHG emissions can be quite different for the CBA and PBA approaches and the efforts to reduce GHG emissions requires a holistic approach. Import-based household emissions are assessed in terms of countries, sector and GHG intensities. Our results indicate that Turkey was a net importer of GHG emissions in 2015 with its approximately 10% of the total and 7.7% of household final consumption emissions having occurred in other countries. This also suggests that imported goods and services for household consumption have been produced in those countries with relatively low emission intensities. Considering Turkey’s emissions reduction targets, these results provide methodological benefits that will enhance national efforts by giving invaluable inputs about the emission intensity of imported and exported goods and better guidance to policy makers about future strategies for low-carbon manufacturing and shifting consumption patterns.
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