Globally, lignocellulosic biomass has great potential for industrial production of materials and products, but this resource must be used in an environmentally friendly, socially acceptable and sustainable manner. Wood and agricultural residues such as walnut shells as lignocellulosic biomass are one of the most affordable and important renewable resources in the world, which can partially replace fossil resources. The overall objective of the research is to provide background information that supports new applications of walnut shells in a biorefinery context and to increase the economic value of these non-wood forest products. This paper presents the properties characterization of liquefied biomass according to their chemical composition. All results were compared to liquefied wood. In this study, the liquefaction properties of five different walnut shell particle sizes were determined using glycerol as the liquefaction reagent under defined reaction conditions. The liquefied biomass was characterized for properties such as percentage residue, degree of liquefaction, and hydroxyl OH numbers. The chemical composition of the same biomass was investigated for its influence on the liquefaction properties. Accordingly, the main objective of this study was to determine the liquefaction properties of different particle sizes as a function of their chemical composition, also in comparison with the chemical composition of wood. The study revealed that walnut shell biomass can be effectively liquefied into glycerol using H2SO4 as the catalyst, with liquefaction efficiency ranging from 89.21 to 90.98%.
At the beginning and during the development of civilization, natural sources were the only available source of energy. With the development of society and industry, they were replaced by intensive use of fossil fuels. Non-renewability and negative impact on the environment called into question the rationality of using such sources. Therefore, natural sources of energy are becoming more and more important, especially biomass, which is becoming an important source of energy due to its ecological advantages. There are numerous ways to convert agricultural biomass into different forms of biofuel. Thermochemical conversion includes a process of pyrolysis in which, under the influence of a high temperature of 400 to 600 °C without the presence of oxygen, very valuable products are obtained in the form of biochar. The aim of this research is to evaluate the energy properties of agricultural biomass (corn, wheat, barley, oats, triticale, rye, soybeans, rapeseed and sunflower) by thermochemical conversion by pyrolysis and analysis of biochar for the evaluation of value-added products and to suggest its application. The mentioned raw materials are characterized by significant pyrolytic conversion potential, i.e. biochar production ranged from 30.03% to 47.0%. Similarly, the heating value (HHV) of biochar after the pyrolysis process increased to 27.11 MJ/kg, which proves that agricultural biomass is a good source of energy per unit mass.
Sažetak UVODJedan od ključnih ekoloških problema današnjice je otpad, odnosno njegovo zbrinjavanje. Prema Nacionalnoj Strategiji zaštite okoliša Republike Hrvatske (2002) najveći problem gradova je upravo zbrinjavanje otpada, odnosno neodrživo gospodarenje otpadom. Također, u velikom broju istraživanja provedenih u posljednjih tridesetak godina, problem neodgovarajućeg zbrinjavanja komunalnog otpada i gomilanje otpada stalno visoko rangira, a rezultati pokazuju i zabrinutost stanovništva za stanje okoliša kada je u pitanju komunalni otpad (Cifrić, 1999(Cifrić, , 2005(Cifrić, , 2008 Stanić i sur., 2009). Povećanje količina otpada koji nastaje i njegovo gomilanje rezultat je masovne proizvodnje i potrošnje. Potrošački mentalitet sve je izraženiji, a prekomjerna eksploatacija prirodnih resursa, gomilanje otpadnih tvari i uništavanje prirode i okoliša pridonose poremećaju biološke ravnoteže na Zemlji. Stvaranjem sve većih količina otpada čovjek znatno narušava prirodnu ravnotežu, pa pristup rješavanju problema otpada čini jedan od prioriteta u smanjenju onečišćenja okoliša (Evison i Read, 2001).
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