Core Ideas Hydropedological factors are key to revealing the hydrological maze. Hydropedological factor plays the role of “creator” in runoff composition and runoff generation. Hydropedological factor plays the role of “originator” of hydrological heterogeneity. Hydropedological factor plays the role of “producer” of hydrological puzzles. Hydrology is an old discipline due to its early origination, as well as a young discipline due to its insufficient scientific foundation as a natural science. Thus hydrology has long been haunted by a debate between natural functionalities found in observations vs. model results built on many simplified assumptions. We define the hydrological maze as puzzles, paradoxes, or complexity involved in hydrologic measurements and interpretations. The objective of this study was to reveal the hydrological maze through a comprehensive review of decades of work since the 1980s on observations and experiments using a combination of natural and artificial catchments at the Chuzhou Hydrology Laboratory in China, highlighting the role of hydropedology in hillslope and catchment hydrology based on long‐term monitoring of surface and subsurface flows at various soil depths and at different spatial scales. A conception has emerged that indicates the fundamental control of hydropedological factors (such as soil types, soil properties, and their spatial variations) as the trigger for the hydrological maze, including runoff generation, runoff composition, flow heterogeneity, and various hydrological puzzles. It is clear that the vadose zone is the key source for nonlinear and dissipative complexity in the hydrological maze that is intertwined with hydrochemical and hydroecological dynamics. Therein lies the hope for new hydrological insights and possible solutions to the hydrological maze.

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Emerging studies show that melatonin promotes cashmere development through hypodermic implantation. However, the impact and underlying mechanisms are currently unknown. In vitro study has previously demonstrated that melatonin induces cashmere growth by regulating the proliferation of goat secondary hair follicle stem cells (gsHFSCs), but there is limited information concerning the effects of melatonin on cell pluripotency. It is also known that Wnt signaling may actively participate in regulating cell proliferation and stem cell pluripotency. Therefore, in the current investigation, goat hair follicle stem cells were exposed to multiple concentrations of melatonin and different culture times to reveal the relationship between melatonin and the activation of Wnt signaling. A proportionally high Catenin beta-1 (CTNNB1) response was induced by 500 ng/L of melatonin, but it was then suppressed with the dosages over 1,000 ng/L. Greater amounts of CTNNB1 entered the cell nuclei by extending the exposure time to 72 h, which activated transcription factor 4/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 and promoted the expression of the proliferation-related genes C-MYC, C-JUN, and CYCLIND1. Moreover, nuclear receptor ROR-alpha (RORα) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) were employed to analyze the underlying mechanism. RORα presented a sluggish concentration/time-dependent rise, but BMP4 was increased dramatically by melatonin exposure, which revealed that melatonin might participate in regulating the pluripotency of hair follicle stem cells. Interestingly, NOGGIN, which is a BMP antagonist and highly relevant to cell stemness, was also stimulated by melatonin. These findings demonstrated that melatonin exposure and/or NOGGIN overexpression in hair follicle stem cells might promote the expression of pluripotency markers Homeobox protein NANOG, Organic cation/carnitine transporter 4, and Hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34. Our findings here provided a comprehensive view of Wnt signaling in melatonin stimulated cells and melatonin mediated stemness of gsHFSCs by regulating NOGGIN, which demonstrates a regulatory mechanism of melatonin enhancement on the growth of cashmere.