The generation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic and garden waste must be recycled to support the circular economy. An alternative way to reduce the plastics waste is to reduce this waste by converting it into energy such as Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) as an alternative for processing waste. Substitution of plastic and garden waste is an opportunity to be analyzed. Hence, This study aimed to investigate the potential for converting material substitution from PET and garden waste into RDF. The RDF characterized test method was carried out by proximate, water content, ash content, and analysis. At the same time, the calorific value. was tested by bomb calorimetry. Substitution of the mixture of plastic and garden waste affects each parameter of RDF pellet quality including water, ash, and caloric value (sig.< 0.05). The increase of plastic waste in pellets consistently increases the calorific value of RDF from 18.94 until 25.04 MJ/kg. The RDF pellet water and ash content also invariably affect the rate of increase in the calorific value of RDF in the multilinearity model (sig.<0.05; R2 is 0.935). The thermal stability of the pellets occurred at a temperature of 5000C decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in mixed garden waste with plastic in RDF pellets. The decrease in the decomposition of PET into terephthalic acid monomer from the thermal stability of raw materials and waste PET plastic pellets occurs at a temperature of 4500˚C. This potential finding can be used as a basis for consideration in regions or countries that have the generation of garden waste and plastic, especially the type of PET to be used as an environmentally friendly fuel.
The number of words should not exceed 350. Depok City is one of Indonesia's big cities, which is currently focused on processing waste-to-energy. This research was conducted to study and describe waste management in Depok City to become renewable energy. Secondary data from the Depok City local government's inventory was used to determine the generation and composition of municipal solid waste (MSW). The waste's characterization was taken from the material recovery facility of Depok City, located at Jalan Merdeka. The amount of waste generated in Depok City is predicted to reach 681.612 tons/year by 2025. The significant waste composition items were food waste, garden waste, textiles, paper, and plastics. The result shows that the potential heating value for the waste was 35.04 MJ/kg Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) at a temperature range of 30-800 ° C showed only 1.39% leftover food, but mass decline at 30-110 ° C occurred quite slowly due to high air content. The optimum combustion temperature for paper, plastic, and garden waste are 317-430°C, 404.5-447.15°C, and 251.78-479.9°C, respectively. The total heating value obtained was equivalent to the electrical energy of 6635.2 GWh/year in 2025. A 1-tailed ANOVA analysis with a significance of 90% parameters of water content, carbon (C) composition, hydrogen composition (H), and oxygen composition (O) presented significances of 0.090; 0.005; 0.003; and 0.037, respectively.
Sand casting waste has the potential to replace quartz sand in mortar manufacture because it contains high silica. This study uses sand casting waste from the steel industry in Gresik, Indonesia to observe how it affects the quality of the mortar. Initial characterization were carried out to determine the properties of the material, including; magnetic test which results are not attracted by magnets, moisture content test with a value of 0.328%, XRD test to determine the crystallinity content which results contain 99.52% Silica Quartz, and XRF test to determine the content of the compound in which results are 81.25% Silica dominant. Then observations were made by making mortar with the replacement of quartz sand by sand casting with variations of 0% wt, 25% wt, 50% wt, and 100% wt and then tested its compressive strength at 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days. Based on the research that has been done, the optimum result using sand casting is at 25% wt with a compressive strength of 251.15 kgf/cm2 at 28 days of age which is higher than the standard.
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