This study was carried out to find the prevalence of ear diseases in school-going children of the Sunsari and Morang district of Eastern Nepal. This is a prospective, cross sectional, clinical study in 3729 school going children of up to 15 years of the Sunsari and Morang district of eastern Nepal done in year 2014 and 2015 AD. Informed consent was obtained. 1346 (36.09%) children had different ear ailments. Ear wax 616 (45.76%) and otitis media with effusion 226 (16.79%) were the commonest diseases found. Chronic otitis media mucosal type was found in 104 (7.73%) children. Chronic otitis media squamous 6 (0.45%), Otomycosis 155 (11.51%), otitis externa 16 (1.19%), acute Otitis media 119 (8.84%), Eustachian tube dysfunction 92 (6.84%), Perichondritis 4(0.29%), Foreign body in the ear 2 (0.15%), Preauricular sinus 2 (0.15%) and sensorineural hearing loss 4 (0.29%) were the other diseases found. Ear diseases are important health problems among school-going children of the Sunsari and Morang district of eastern Nepal. Health education,nutrition, improvement of socioeconomic status and health care facilities should be helpful in reducing the prevalence of ear diseases.

The reaction time and interferences were more in incongruent stroop test than congruent test. The interference was very high than that of previous literature's value. This indicates that Nepalese students have delayed attention while performing classical English version of stroop test.

Background: The history of tympanoplasty is well over a century. Type 1 tympanoplasty is an established procedure worldwide with a variation in the outcome.Aims and Objectives: To analyze the outcome of Type 1 tympanoplasty surgeries in terms of graft success and hearing improvement done at the Ear Department of Biratnagar eye hospital in eastern Nepal and discuss the various factors that might have influenced it.Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of records of the cases that underwent Type 1 tympanoplasty from August 2013 to January 2015 was done. The factors analysed were age, gender, the side of the affected ear and the perforation size. Appropriate Statistical test was applied and the results were discussed.Results: A total of 151 cases of type 1 Tympanoplasty were analysed were females had higher frequency than males, with higher incidence at younger age. The mean age of successful cases was 28.53. Females had a better success rate in terms of graft success compared to males. Moderate size perforations had the best outcome of graft success and least were of small size perforations. Of all cases analyzed, hearing improvement was observed in maximum cases.Conclusion: There was no significant influence of age or gender on the hearing outcome. The difference of hearing improvement according to size of perforation was also not significant.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(2) 2015 55-60

Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is the chronic inflammation of the middle ear cleft. The atticoantral type is called unsafe type because of the associated complications due to granulations and cholesteatoma which may be life-threatening. CSOM with central perforation (tubotympanic type) is usually not associated with major complications such as cholesteatoma formation.Aims and Objectives: To find out the intraoperative pathological findings in cases of CSOM with central perforation (tubotympanic type)Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross sectional study has been conducted in the Department of Ear, Biratnagar Eye Hospital in Nepal over 2 years. Study group includes 172 patients having CSOM with central perforations in the tympanic membranes who underwent different types of procedures. Preoperatively, all the patients were evaluated with otoscopy, microscopy, pure-tone audiometry, and some patients with computed tomography scan. The pathological findings were confirmed with biopsy. The findings were tabulated and analysed.Results: 21(12.2%) patients were having dry central perforation with normal Eustachian tube function.  95 patients, i.e., 55.23% were having granulations in attic, aditus, antrum.  25 (14.53%) cases were having ossicular erosion.5 (2.9%) cases had tympanosclerosis in middle ear. 1 (0.58%) case had facial nerve dehiscence. 16 (9.3%) cases had oedema of middle ear mucosa/aural polyp from middle ear. Surprisingly 9 patients, i.e., 5.23% were having cholesteatoma which was confirmed by histopathological study.Conclusion: This study shows that cholesteatoma can be found in tubotympanic type of CSOM, along with other pathological findings. Hence it is on the part of the surgeon to be careful while planning surgery on their patients with CSOM (tubotympanic type), remembering that all safe CSOM might not always be safe. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(1) 2017 42-47

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Otitis media is one of the commonest infections in children. The present study was aimed to determine the sociodemographic profile and the associated factors of chronic otitis media along with the health related practices and beliefs among the family of rural children with otitis media in Morang district of eastern Nepal.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This cross sectional study was done over one year in different ear camps conducted in the various rural areas of Morang district of eastern Nepal. The attending guardians of the children with chronic otitis media were interviewed according to the pretested questionnaire regarding their socioeconomic status, health related practices, beliefs and other related issues. All the collected data were tabulated and analyzed.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 102 attendants were interviewed. Most of the attending guardians were from low socioeconomic status with majority from medium sized family (4-7 persons). Most of them were illiterate. Most of the children lived in Kachha house. Inspite of only nearly 40% family having latrine, sanitation habits were satisfactory in above 80%. 53.92% of the children with chronic otitis media used to take bath in ponds and lake. Most of the guardians had the habit of cleaning ears in unsafe way. Nearly, a third of the guardians were not aware about importance of head position during breast feeding. Most of the guardians were not aware about the causes and treatment of otitis media. In case of ear discharge, most of them seeked help in health institutions. 14.7% would rely on house hold remedies like oil, herbs instilled in to ears and 2.94% would go to faith healer. However 75.5% of the attendants perceived that the use of antibiotics was the method to treat otitis media.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The prevailing chronic otitis media in rural children is associated with several risk factors. The lack of appropriate knowledge, perception and erroneous practices stresses the importance of specific health education to the population. Early detection and preventive programs for better ear care can possibly help to alleviate this burden of chronic illness in the society. </p>