Staphylococci is an opportunistic bacterial population that is permanent in the normal flora of milk and poses a serious threat to animal and human health with some virulence factors and antibiotic-resistance genes. This study was aimed at identifying staphylococcal species isolated from raw milk and to determine hemolysis, biofilm, coagulase activities, and beta-lactam resistance. The raw milk samples were collected from the Düzce (Türkiye) region, and the study data represent a first for this region. The characterization of the bacteria was performed with MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The presence of coa, icaB, blaZ, and mecA was investigated with PCR. A nitrocefin chromogenic assay was used for beta-lactamase screening. In this context, 84 staphylococci were isolated from 10 different species, and the dominant species was determined as S. aureus (32.14%). Although 32.14% of all staphylococci were positive for beta hemolysis, the icaB gene was found in 57.14%, coa in 46.42%, mecA in 15.47%, and blaZ in 8.33%. As a result, Staphylococcus spp. strains that were isolated from raw milk in this study contained some virulence factors at a high level, but also contained a relatively low level of beta-lactam resistance genes. However, considering the animal–environment–human interaction, it is considered that the current situation must be monitored constantly in terms of resistance concerns. It must not be forgotten that the development of resistance is in constant change among bacteria.

Probiotics are an important part of the microbiota associated with many diseases. The production of food and food supplements containing probiotic products has increased considerably in recent years, due to their protective effect on health and antagonistic effect against some pathogenic microorganisms. However, it is unknown whether the content of these products has the expected effect. In this study was aimed to investigate the antagonistic effect of Probiotics & Prebiotics® commercial product. Material-Method: The probiotic food supplement was obtained from Aym-Net®. Antagonistic effect of the product on 10 different test bacteria was investigated by the agar spot assay method. Also lyophilized probiotics were cultured in MRS broth medium and centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 25 minutes in order to obtain metabolites that the probiotic microorganisms provide their effectiveness. Effect of probiotic supernatant on test bacteria were determined to disk diffusion test by CLSI. Each test bacteria combined with the probiotic product incubated at 37 0 C for 24 hours to determine the bacterial inhibition rate of product which analyzed using the Mann Whitney U test. Results: Probiotic product inhibited growth of L. monocytogenes by (86 %), Y. pseudotuberculosis (82%), S. aureus (76%), E. coli (74%), S. typhimurium (73%), P. aeruginosa (69%) and S. epidermidis (67%) respectively. The lowest antagonistic effect was detected against E. faecalis 44%. While probiotic product provided significant growth inhibition on 8 strains (p<0.05), there were not statistically significant growth inhibition for P. vulgaris and E. cloacae (p>0.05). Conclusion:It was concluded that antagonistic effect of probiotic food supplement on test bacteria. Therefore it may be beneficial to use in bacterial infections.

The purpose of this study was to examine resistance against cadmium (Cd +2), copper (Cu +2), lead (Pb +2), mercury (Hg +2), and manganese (Mn +2) in Escherichia coli isolates recovered from cattle stool using phenotypic (agar dilution) and genotypic [polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] methods. In addition, the isolates were genotyped via enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR). Escherichia coli was isolated and identified from the 100 stool samples that were examined in the study. It was determined phenotypically that all isolates were sensitive to mercury; 97% of them showed resistance to cadmium; 69% showed resistance to copper; 24% showed resistance to lead; and 20% showed resistance to manganese. In the isolates found resistant by phenotypic method, the presence of the zntA gene provided common resistance for Cd +2 and Pb +2 ; pcoR gene provided resistance for Cu +2 ; and mntR gene for Mn +2 in both genomic DNA and plasmid DNA. Since all isolates were sensitive to Hg +2 , the presence of merA gene was not examined. While the target genes that were examined for lead, cadmium, and manganese were detected in all isolates, the pcoR gene for copper was detected in 53.6% of the phenotypic-resistant isolates. As a result of the statistical analysis, it was determined that the phenotypic resistance rates of the isolates did not vary according to age group, county, or city at a significant level (P > 0.05). The high metal resistance detected in the present study led us to conclude that heavy metal contamination around cattle farms may be common. Metals are used as an additive substance in animal husbandry. Using the correct fertilizer to minimize contamination sources or limiting the use of materials that contain metals may be useful, and new legal rules may be required.

There is an endless demand for livestock-originated food, so it is necessary to elucidate the hazard points for livestock breeding. Pathogens are one of the hazard points that threaten the biosecurity of farm-animal breeding and public health. As a potential foodborne pathogen, Aliarcobacter is a member of the intestinal microbiota of farm animals with and without diarrhea. Aliarcobacter spp. are capable of colonizing livestock intestines and are transmitted through the feces. Hence, they endanger slaughterhouses and milk products with fecal contamination. They also have other, rarer, vertical and horizontal transmission routes, including the offspring that abort in farm animals. Gastrointestinal symptoms and abort cases demonstrate potential financial losses to the industry. Viewed from this perspective, the global circulation of farm-animal products is a significant route for zoonotic agents, including Aliarcobacter. In the last decade, worldwide prevalence of Aliarcobacter in fecal samples has ranged from 0.8% in Italy to 100% in Turkey. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance is recognized as a new type of environmental pollutant and has become a hot topic in animal breeding and the food industry. Increasing antibiotic resistance has become a significant problem impacting productivity. The increase in antimicrobial resistance rates in Aliarcobacter is caused by the misuse of antimicrobial drugs in livestock animals, leading to the acquiring of resistance genes from other bacteria, as well as mutations in current resistance genes. The most resistant strains are A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii. This review analyzes recent findings from the past decade on the prevalence of Aliarcobacter in the intestinal microbiota and the current effective antibiotics against Aliarcobacter. The paper also highlights that A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are found frequently in diarrheal feces, indicating that Aliarcobacter should be studied further in livestock diarrheal diseases. Moreover, Aliarcobacter-infected farm animals can be treated with only a limited number of antibiotics, such as enrofloxacin, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and gentamicin.

This study aimed to determine the presence, rate, and species distribution of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) in nasal swab samples from dogs and to investigate phenotypic and genotypic methicillin resistance. To this end, 21 (10.5%) CPS, including 7 (33.3%) S. aureus and 14 (66.6%) S. intermedius group (SIG), were isolated from nasal swab samples from 200 dogs. A total of 14 SIG members (100%) were also identified as S. pseudintermedius by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR). Phenotypic methicillin resistance was observed in 16 (76.19%) of the 21 CPS isolated from 200 dogs from 8 different clinics and shelters. To detect genotypic methicillin resistance, the presence of the mecA and mecC genes, responsible for methicillin resistance, was detected by the multiplex polymerase chain reaction method. The mecA gene was found in 8 (38.09%) of the 21 isolates. The mecC gene was not detected in any of the samples, including isolates showing phenotypic methicillin resistance. It was found that neither the presence of CPS nor the presence of the mecA gene was statistically correlated with age, sex, or antibiotic use in the previous year (p > 0.05). Furthermore, CPS and mecA-positive isolates were evaluated according to whether they were obtained from shelters or clinics. It was concluded that the source of the isolates was not important for our study (p > 0.05). Our findings suggest that phenotypic resistance detected in epidemiological studies should be confirmed by molecular methods. At the same time, the fact that mecC gene-positive staphylococcal isolates were not detected in our study is promising for Turkey.

This study aims to provide students to gain awareness of microorganisms. For this purpose, an activity-based teaching model is designed. This model includes the definition of microorganisms, benefits, and harms of microorganisms, protection from the harms of microorganisms, microbial biotechnological production from useful microorganisms. The effects of these activities on the development of scientific thinking skills of the participants were investigated. In this study, 4th-grade students who are attending urban and rural elementary schools were voluntarily participated to the study. The study was conducted with a total of 30 participants, 13 boys and 17 girls, for two weeks. In order to determine the current knowledge level of the students about microorganisms, the multiple-choice achievement tests consisting of 38 questions were applied before and after the implementation of the project. Results showed that the difference in the knowledge of the participants about microorganisms was statistically significant. In this study, it was observed that this difference was due to the different settlements of the participating schools, the differences in the readiness level of the students about microorganisms. The COVID-19 Pandemic process has revealed that society is not aware of microorganisms and that microorganisms can cause very serious problems in human life. In this context, this study conducted during the pandemic process leads that individuals in the society to obtain accurate information about microorganisms and creates awareness in these individuals. In cases that threaten public health, such studies are of great importance for gaining individuals who show sensitivity with high consciousness and make positive contributions to society.

KL-21®; It is a food supplement using remember regeneration theraphy method (RTM). KL-21®. Whereas products that containing combined medicinal plants are expected to be beneficial for health, on the other hand, their toxic properties are able to potentially increase due to the interactions of the active ingredients in the plants. With this study, it was aimed to investigate the toxic effect of KL-21®.

Objective: Ethanol extraction is the most popular technique for the production of propolis extracts. However, this method may not be suitable for various clinical conditions. Based on it, we composed a trial product with an olive-oil extraction as an alternative method. Furthermore, we crafted combinations to reinforce and synergize the antimicrobial activity of the trial propolis product. Finally, we compared our trial products with the existing marketing products in Türkiye. The present study aimed to determine chemical compounds and the antimicrobial activity of some propolis samples selected from Türkiye and compare the mentioned features with the olive-oil-trial products we composed for the study. Material-Method: Four different samples, as trial and final products, were crafted for the study. Trail products conducted as sample 1 to 4 (S1, S2, S3 and S4). The trial products were compared with the four other propolis and propolis-containing combined products currently exciting on the market. Four different trademarks were used, and the Trademarks (TM) was called TM1, TM2 TM3, and TM4. Determination of Total Phenolic Compound (TPC) was analyzed according to the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The antimicrobial activity test was determined according to the Kirby-Bauer method. Results: The highest TPC ratio was detected in the trademark 2 (TM2), and the lowest TPC ratio was determined in the TM4 samples, 19553.12 GAE mg/L and 740.9 GAE mg/L, respectively. The TPC ratio of the final trial product sample 4 (S4) was defined as 6519.3 GAE mg/L. The highest inhibitation zone against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus strains was observed in S1 (the oleuropein-containing trial product). The highest inhabitation zone against C. albicans and C. krusei yeasts was observed in TM1 and S4 (the oleuropein and boron-containing trial propolis product) samples. Conclusion:The S4 product, containing boron, oleuropein, and propolis, had a higher inhibitation zone diameters compared to the commercial brands. Furthermore, all the propolis products analyzed in this study had rich phenolic components; the curative and beneficial impacts of phenolic components on health merit further investigations.