Infectious gastroenteritis is a common illness afflicting people worldwide. The two most common etiological agents of viral gastroenteritis, rotavirus and norovirus are known to recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as attachment receptors. ABO, Lewis, and secretor HBGAs are distributed abundantly on mucosal epithelia, red blood cell membranes, and also secreted in biological fluids, such as saliva, intestinal content, milk, and blood. HBGAs are fucosylated glycans that have been implicated in the attachment of some enteric pathogens such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes encoding ABO (H), fucosyltransferase gene FUT2 (Secretor/Se), FUT3 (Lewis/Le) have been associated with changes in enzyme expression and HBGAs production.The highly polymorphic HBGAs among different populations and races influence genotype-specific susceptibility or resistance to enteric pathogens and its epidemiology, and vaccination seroconversion. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conduct population-based investigations to understand predisposition to enteric infections and gastrointestinal diseases. This review focuses on the relationship between HBGAs and predisposition to common human gastrointestinal illnesses caused by viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents.

Introduction: Most of the neonatal deaths are related to three preventable and treatable conditions like complications due to prematurity, asphyxia and infections. Globally birth asphyxia is still a major clinical problem and one of the leading causes of perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity especially in developing countries leading to lifelong disability. Neonatal jaundice can also cause damages like impaired vision and hearing along with learning disabilities apart from contributing to neonatal deaths. Therefore, this retrospectiveMethods And Objective: descriptive study was planned with the aim to determine the prole of those neonates who developed asphyxia, hyperbilirubinaemia and expired in NICU of a tertiary care hospital in the Mid North Bank region of Assam. During the study period, out of 622, 204 neonates hadResults: birth/perinatal asphyxia and HIE due to asphyxia and 47 neonates died during the same period. Birth asphyxia accounted for 59.6% of death and 12.8% neonates who died with birth asphyxia also had Serum bilirubin level higher than 10mg/dl.

Scrub typhus is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and accounts for up to 20% of common febrile illnesses and hospitalizations. The main obstacle to vaccine development is the lack of identification of relevant immunodominant antigens that stimulate broad-spectrum immune responses, including antibody, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells production. We examined the 56-kDa type-specific cell membrane surface protein (TSA56) and ScaA as candidates for developing vaccine and diagnostic assays using an in-silico approach. We predicted 35 linear and 29 conformational immunogenic B-cell epitopes and 51 non-overlapping strong binders of MHC class I and 27 for MHC class II T-cell epitopes in the conserved and variable regions of TSA56. We used this information to design effective multi-epitope vaccine constructs that are predicted to stimulate cross-protective immunity. Furthermore, the epitope-based vaccine constructs showed antigenic, non-allergenic, and interferon gamma-inducing properties, as predicted by online servers. We cloned the chimeric gene into a pET-15b plasmid vector and successfully expressed the histidine-tagged recombinant antigen in an Escherichia coli expression system. The findings the present study provide a platform for validations of the predicted epitopes and chimeric antigens for designing effective epitope-based vaccine candidates and serological diagnostic assays against scrub typhus.