COVID-19 vaccines were approved in late 2020 and early 2021 for public use in countries across the world. Several studies have now highlighted COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in the general public. However, little is known about the nature and extent of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in healthcare workers worldwide. Thus, the purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive worldwide assessment of published evidence on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers. A scoping review method was adopted to include a final pool of 35 studies in this review with study sample size ranges from n = 123 to 16,158 (average = 2185 participants per study). The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy worldwide in healthcare workers ranged from 4.3 to 72% (average = 22.51% across all studies with 76,471 participants). The majority of the studies found concerns about vaccine safety, efficacy, and potential side effects as top reasons for COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in healthcare workers. The majority of the studies also found that individuals who were males, of older age, and doctoral degree holders (i.e., physicians) were more likely to accept COVID-19 vaccines. Factors such as the higher perceived risk of getting infected with COVID-19, direct care for patients, and history of influenza vaccination were also found to increase COVID-19 vaccination uptake probability. Given the high prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in healthcare workers, communication and education strategies along with mandates for clinical workers should be considered to increase COVID-19 vaccination uptake in these individuals. Healthcare workers have a key role in reducing the burden of the pandemic, role modeling for preventive behaviors, and also, helping vaccinate others.

COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy has become a major concern around the world. Recent reports have also highlighted COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in healthcare workers. Despite media reports and scientific publications, little is known about the extent and predictors of COVID-19 vaccination refusal among nurses. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess COVID-19 vaccine refusal rates among nurses globally and to explore the reasons for refusal and factors associated with the uptake of the vaccines. A scoping review of the published literature was conducted, and a final pool of 51 studies (n = 41,098 nurses) from 36 countries was included in this review. The overall pooled prevalence rate of COVID-19 vaccine refusal among 41,098 nurses worldwide was 20.7% (95% CI = 16.5–27%). The rates of vaccination refusal were higher from March 2020–December 2020 compared to the rates from January 2021–May 2021. The major reasons for COVID-19 vaccine refusal were concerns about vaccine safety, side effects, and efficacy; misinformation and lack of knowledge; and mistrust in experts, authorities, or pharmaceutical companies. The major factors associated with acceptance of the vaccines were: male sex, older age, and flu vaccination history. Evidence-based strategies should be implemented in healthcare systems worldwide to increase the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines among nurses to ensure their safety and the safety of their patients and community members.

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The present study is designed to access the factors responsible for developing recurring infection and antibiotic resistance among children with urinary tract infection (UTI). The socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents are important to determine the level of awareness regarding antibiotic resistance; 16.1% children were between 1 to 5 years of age, 21.9% between 5.1 to 9 years, 29.9% between 9.1 to 12 years and 32.1% between 12.1 to 15 years of age who were suffering from UTI. Out of 137 children, 17.5% males were suffering from UTI and the rest 82.5% were females; it reveals that 34.3% children intakes less than 500 ml of water every day while 40.1% intakes 500 to 1000 ml of water, 21.1% children take about 1000 to 1500 ml of water and only 4.4% intakes more than 1500 ml of water every day. The present investigation showed that 50.4% of the children had a history of taking antibiotics while 29.9% did not know whether the child had a history of taking antibiotics and 5.8% has no history of taking antibiotic. Out of the 81 children who received treatment for UTI, 76.5% were fully cured after receiving antibiotic while 19.8% were not cured after taking antibiotic. Out of the 43 children who took the antibiotic on time, 79% took it for 1 to 3 days, 16.3% took it for 3 to 5 days and 4.7% took it for 5 to 7 days. Positive correlation found with male children, maintaining toilet hygiene and recurrent UTI.54.4% respondent used water to maintain the child’s toilet hygiene suffered from recurrent UTI and 92.8% respondent used other means excluding water to maintain the child’s toilet hygiene suffered from recurrent UTI (p<0.05). The major factors for developing recurrent UTI and resistance to certain antibiotics are taking medicine from pharmacy, doing self-prescription, incomplete medication courses along with lack of hygiene and insufficient water intake. There should be rational use of antibiotic and culture sensitivity for urine should be a mandatory test before administering antibiotics for UTI. There is need to build awareness about antibiotic resistance through health campaigns.