Petrography analysis of coal is the study organic and inorganic components of coal bearing formations. This research conducted observation method under microscopic of thin incision to identify organic maseral group. The organic composition of coal from Muaraenim Formation is known to average for vitrinite maseral group 79.30%, inertinite 10%, liptinite 3.4%, and non-organic 7.3%. While the composition of coal from the Bottom Members of Telisa Formation for the average of vitrinite maseral group 66.4%, mineral matter 30.32%, inertinite 3.26%. The liptinite maseral group is not present as a coal component in the study area. The funginite development of the Muaraenim Formation is quite abundant 2.8% indicating peat swamp ecosystem in wet-dry conditions in ph 3 -5. In contrast, the development of funginite Lower Members of Telisa Formation is known to be absent which is replaced by the presence of frambiodal pyrite and indicates peat ecosystem in wet conditions at ph 6 -7.
ABSTRAKSebagian besar sumber daya batubara Indonesia adalah batubara peringkat rendah. Batubara ini dapat ditingkatkan nilai kalornya dengan melakukan proses pengeringan (upgrading). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perubahan komposisi sub-maseral dan reflektan vitrinit setelah proses pengeringan. Penelitian upgrading ini dilakukan menggunakan dua metode, yaitu metode hidrotermal dan oksidasi terhadap percontoh batubara Muara Wahau. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persentase grup maseral eksinit berkurang dan grup maseral vitrinit bertambah setelah proses pengeringan. Dalam grup maseral vitrinit, akibat proses pemanasan desmokolinit lebih stabil dibandingkan dengan maseral lainnya. Pada suhu pengeringan yang tinggi (>150 o C), persentase inertinit lebih tinggi pada kondisi atmosfer teroksidasi dibandingkan persentase inertinit hasil proses hidrotermal. Dalam grup maseral inertinit, sklerotinit lebih stabil oleh proses pemanasan dibandingkan maseral lainnya. Nilai rata-rata reflektan vitrinit meningkat pada proses pengeringan hidrotermal dan konstan setelah proses oksidasi. Perubahan struktur molekul batubara antara lain putusnya ikatan C-C pada senyawa alifatik dan terbentuknya senyawa aromatik terkondensasi diperkirakan sebagai penyebab terjadinya perubahan komposisi maseral dan perubahan nilai rata-rata refelektan vitrinit.Kata kunci: proses pengeringan, maseral, hidrotermal, reflektan vitrinit ABSTRACT Most of Indonesia's coal resources are low rank coals. The heating value of the coal could be increased through drying/upgrading process. The objective of this study is to determine the changes in sub-macerals composition and the average value of vitrinite reflectance after the upgrading process. This research was conducted using two upgrading methods, namely hydrothermal and oxidation towards
Water is one of the most important needs for organisms. However, microbial contamination in water has become serious issue recently. We were interested to reduce the microbial contamination in water by using biological agents such as water hyacinth. In some studies, water hyacinth has antimicrobial activities as well as their function as phytoremediation agent. This research was done to study the effectiveness of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms as bio filter against coliform in water of Mataram water channel in Yogyakarta. The bio filter were arranged as following layer; gravel, zeolite and water hyacinth as the most upper part of bio filter. It was then set with the direction along with the river flow. The water samples were then taken triplicates, each from the upstream (before bio filter treatment) and downstream (after bio filter treatment). It were then continued by Most Probable Number (MPN) test which include the presumptive, confirmed, and completed test. The MPN results showed that coliform in the upstream were found about 57.34 ± 54.35 MPN / 100 ml while in the downstream were about 808 ± 678.96 MPN / 100 ml. The statistical test showed that the difference between upstream and downstream were not significant. Thus it can be concluded that water hyacinth bio filter was not effectively used as bio filter against coliform bacteria.
http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol4no3.20096Organic petrologic data of the DOM of Talangakar and Muaraenim Formations show that the organic matter consisting mainly of vitrinite group is essentially composed of telocollinite (1.0 – 70.8 %) and desmocollinite (0.8 – 66.6 %) with minor telinite (0.6 – 9.4 %), detrovitrinite (0.6 – 6.0 %), and cor- pocollinite (0.6 – 2.0 %). Minor exinite (0.4 – 7.8 %) and inertinite (0.4 – 8.0 %) are also determined. However, mineral matter varies from 0.6 – 99.44 %. Downwards, the increase in vitrinite reflectance (0.33 – 0.48 %) is concomitant with the depth of each formation. Furthermore, based on Rock-eval pyrolysis, TOC value of the Talangakar Formation ranges from 0.09 – 15.38 %, Gumai 0.34 – 0.39 %, Airbenakat 0.32 – 4.82 %, and Muaraenim between 0.08 – 15.22 %. Moreover the PY (Potential Yield) value variation of the Talangakar, Gumai, Airbenakat, and Muaraenim Formations are between 0.04 – 36.61 mg HC/g rock, 0.53 – 0.81 mg HC/g rock, 0.1 – 4.37 mg HC/g rock, and 0.07 – 129.8 mg HC/g rock respectively. Therefore, on the basis of those two parameters, the four formations are included into a gas - oil prone source rock potential. However, the Talangakar and Muaraenim Formations are poor to excellent category, whereas the Air Benakat tends to indicate a poor – fair category and Gumai Formation are only within a poor category. Tmax value of the Talangakar ranges from 237 – 4380 C, Gumai 316 – 3590 C, Airbenakat 398 – 4340 C with exceptions of 4970 C and 5180 C, and Muaraenim Forma- tions 264 – 4250 C. The Talangakar Formation contains kerogen Type II dan III, with the HI (Hydrogen Index) value varies from 45.16 – 365.43. However two samples show value of 0. The organic content of the Gumai and Air Benakat Formations are included into kerogen type III, with HI value ranges from11.87 – 40.82, and 19 – 114 respectively. Moreover the Muaraenim Formation has two category of kerogen type and HI value, those are type III with the HI value of 1 and kerogen type I with HI value of 821.29. The diagram of Tmax vs HI shows that the organic thermal maturation of the four formations are included into an immature to mature level.
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