Aerobic granules were cultivated successively in column sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with the glucose as carbon source. The effect of copper (II) on the characteristics of aerobic granules was studied. Results showed that the physical, morphology and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aerobic granules were influenced in different degree under different concentrations of copper (II) in sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The appropriate Cu2+ can be adsorbed by the microorganisms in aerobic granules under the functions of chelation and displacement of heavy metals. Under the Cu2+ concentration of 0.5~3.0mg/L, the stable MLSS and better settleable granules with higher S.G. and lower SVI can been attained in the reactors. The sludge can maintain the granules in stable till the Cu2+ concentration increases to 20.0mg/L. The ratios of EPSC/EPN distribute in 6.60~7.01 steadily under the Cu2+ concentration of 0.5~10.0mg/L.However, excess Cu2+ can destroy the metabolism balance of the microorganisms and the protein synthesization and genetic information transportation are baffled. When the Cu2+ concentration increase to 50mg/L, more filamentous appears in the granules and the compact granules change to in disperse. The ratios of EPSC/EPN evidently rise to 7.59 and 7.46 respectively under high Cu2+ concentration of 20.0mg/L and 50.0mg/L. It suggests that the microorganisms try to excreting more EPS and protecting itself from the environmental change.
Microbial cluster functions as a key unit in biological wastewater treatment. Mechanistic understanding of early-stage microbial clustering, including kinetics of microbial cluster formation and the driving forces, remains largely unclear. We report an experimental observation of resource availability, in terms of dissolved oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen sources, mediating early-stage formation of microbial clusters. We proposed a simple model for quantifying the role of microbial motility mediated by resources availability in early-stage microbial clustering processes. Simulation results reflected that limited resource availability promotes early-stage microbial cluster formation through enhanced microbial motility essential for sufficient foraging. The results indicate that microorganisms prefer a relative clustering growth pattern to disperse mode in resource-limited environment for survival. It provides new insights on early-stage microbial cluster formation and its dynamics that may improve future design and operations in biological wastewater treatment.
Intelligent wearable devices for security detection integrate flexible electronic components into protective equipment, enabling the detection of metals, explosives, human physiological conditions, and hazardous chemicals. While numerous studies have investigated various security detection technologies, a systematic literature review providing a comprehensive overview of the preparation and applications of intelligent wearables for security detection is lacking. Therefore, this paper aims to fill this gap by conducting a comprehensive examination of the application of intelligent wearables for security detection in specialized and temporary disposal environments. Additionally, the paper addresses existing challenges and discusses future directions for achieving greater progress in this domain.
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