[1] Here we present the first HONO vertical profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer (BL) and the lower free troposphere (FT) over a forested region in northern Michigan and the neighboring Great Lakes, measured from a small aircraft in summer of 2007. The HONO mixing ratios ranged from 4 to 17 pptv in the FT and from 8 to 74 pptv in the BL. The HONO distribution pattern was strongly influenced by the air column stability, i.e., strong negative HONO gradients existed in stable BL in the morning hours, whereas the HONO distribution was relatively uniform in the unstable and well-mixed BL in the afternoons. The ground surface was a major source of HONO in the lower BL. The presence of substantial daytime HONO in the FT ($8 pptv) and in the upper BL (25 pptv) suggests that a significant in situ source of HONO exists in the air column. Citation: Zhang, N., X.

We consider the nonlinear Schrödinger equation −∆u + (λa(x) + 1)u = |u| p−1 u on a locally finite graph G = (V, E). We prove via the Nehari method that if a(x) satisfies certain assumptions, for any λ > 1, the equation admits a ground state solution u λ . Moreover, as λ → ∞, the solution u λ converges to a solution of the Dirichlet problem −∆u + u = |u| p−1 u which is defined on the potential well Ω. We also provide a numerical experiment which solves the equation on a finite graph to illustrate our results.

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Negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV−) centers in diamond have been extensively studied as high-sensitivity magnetometers, showcasing a wide range of applications. This study experimentally demonstrates a vector magnetometry scheme based on synchronous manipulation of NV− center ensembles in all crystal directions using double frequency microwaves (MWs) and multi-coupled-strip-lines (mCSL) waveguide. The application of the mCSL waveguide ensures a high degree of synchrony (99%) for manipulating NV− centers in multiple orientations in a large volume. Manipulation with double frequency MWs makes NV− centers of all four crystal directions involved, and additionally leads to an enhancement of the manipulation field. In this work, by monitoring the changes in the slope of the resonance line consisting of multi-axes NV− centers, measurement of the direction of the external field vector was demonstrated with a sensitivity of . Based on the scheme, the fluorescence signal contrast was improved by four times higher and the sensitivity to the magnetic field strength was improved by two times. The method provides a more practical way of achieving vector sensors based on NV− center ensembles in diamond.

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This study examines the volatility of China and the most advanced countries of the world stock markets due to the pandemic of COVID-19 using the TGARCH model. This research study presents empirical support for the TGARCH specification for explaining the daily time dependence in the rate of information arrival to the market for stocks traded on China stock market. Using the sample containing closing stock market returns from 05 January 2015 to 04 April 2020 of sample countries, we found that through the COVID-19, there is no significant impact of returns volatility coming from advanced countries towards the China stock market. Further, results state that China has a significant impact on explaining the volatility of the most advanced countries of the world (Switzerland, Sweden, Netherlands, and the UK) except the U.S.A. during COVID-19. We found no significant impact of China stock market returns on the U.S.A.'s volatility, but there is a presence of leverage effect during COVID À19.

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