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Objective Bowel sounds (BS) carry useful information about gastrointestinal condition and feeding status. Interest in computerized bowel sound-based analysis has grown recently and techniques have evolved rapidly. An important first step for these analyses is to extract BS segments, whilst neglecting silent periods. The purpose of this study was to develop a convolutional neural network-based BS detector able to detect all types of BS with accurate time stamps, and to investigate the effect of food consumption on some acoustic features of BS with the proposed detector. Results Audio recordings from 40 volunteers were collected and a BS dataset consisting of 6700 manually labelled segments was generated for training and testing the proposed BS detector. The detector attained 91.06% and 90.78% accuracy for the validation dataset and across-subject test dataset, respectively, with a well-balanced sensitivity and specificity. The detection rates evaluated on different BS types were also satisfactory. Four acoustic features were evaluated to investigate the food effect. The total duration and spectral bandwidth of BS showed significant differences before and after food consumption, while no significant difference was observed in mean-crossing rate values. Conclusion We demonstrated that the proposed BS detector is effective in detecting all types of BS, and providing an accurate time stamp for each BS. The characteristics of BS types and the effect on detection accuracy is discussed. The proposed detector could have clinical application for post-operative ileus prognosis, and monitoring of food intake.

Here described are the cyprinid fossils from the Pliocene Lower Member of Qiangtang Formation of the Kunlun Pass Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, collected at a locality 4769 m above the sea level (asl). The materials consist of numerous disarticulated and incomplete bones as well as thousands of pharyngeal teeth, fin rays, and vertebrae. The fossils were referred to the genus Gymnocypris, lineage Schizothoracini, family Cyprinidae; the lineage Schizothoracini; and the family Cyprinidae respectively. The Schizothoracini is a freshwater fish group endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding area. Previous workers on living schizothoracins regarded that Gymnocypris belongs to the highly specialized grade of the group, colonizing higher altitudes than other members of the group. Two species are so far unequivocally assigned to the genus, i.e., G. przewalskii and G. eckloni, and they are inhabiting Qinghai Lake and the waters on both north (the Golmud River) and south (upper reach of the Yellow River) sides of the East Kunlun Mountain, respectively. The abundant fossil schizothoracins occur in the Kunlun Pass Basin on the southern slope of the East Kunlun Mountain (at 4769 m asl), close to the present Golmud River, indicating comparatively rich waters in the area and possible connections between the water systems on north and south sides of the East Kunlun Mountain during the Pliocene. This also suggests a more humid climate in the area during the Pliocene than it is today. The presence of the highly specialized schizothoracin Gymnocypris may also imply less amplitude of uplift (approximately 1000 m) in the area since the Pliocene than previously proposed. Gymnocypris, Schizothoracini, Pliocene, Kunlun Pass Basin of northeastern Tibetan Plateau, development of water system, uplift of the area Citation:Wang N, Chang M M. Pliocene cyprinids (Cypriniformes, Teleostei) from Kunlun Pass Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau and their bearings on development of water system and uplift of the area.