These authors contributed equally to this workBackground: The fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) was identified as a critical demethylase involved in regulating cellular mRNA stability by removing N6methyladenosine (m6A) residues from mRNA. Emerging evidence has revealed that FTO is deeply implicated in lung cancer. However, knowledge of the function of FTO in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAC) is limited. Methods: FTO and FTO R96Q (R96Q), an FTO missense mutant lacking demethylase activity, were ectopically overexpressed, and FTO was knocked down via siRNA in A549 and H1299 cells. The relationships between FTO with cell characteristics and mRNA m6A levels were explored. Furthermore, RNA sequencing was performed on A549 cells. Results: FTO overexpression enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of A549 and H1299 cells, decreased mRNA m6A levels. Interestingly, overexpression of R96Q, blunted the effects of FTO overexpression on cell proliferation and invasion. Through RNA sequencing analysis of A549 cells overexpressing FTO or R96Q and control A594 cells, 45 genes were identified as affected by m6A mRNA demethylation. Most of these genes were related to lung cancer, such as laminin γ2, thrombospondin 1, nerve growth factor inducible, integrin alpha11, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses suggested that these genes are fundamental to cancer development processes, such as cell migration and extracellular matrix organization. Conclusion: Our research shows that FTO facilitates LUAC cell progression by activating cell migration through m6A demethylation; however, further research on the mechanism underlying FTO activity in LUAC is necessary.

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This paper proposes a new Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) method on the basis of graph-based optimization through the combination of the Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), RGB-D camera, encoder and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). It can conduct joint positioning of four sensors by taking advantaging of the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to design the related strategy of the 2D LiDAR point cloud and RGB-D camera point cloud. 3D LiDAR point cloud information generated by the RGB-D camera under the 2D LiDAR has been added into the new SLAM method in the sequential registration stage, and it can match the 2D LiDAR point cloud and the 3D RGB-D point cloud by using the method of the Correlation Scan Matching (CSM); In the loop closure detection stage, this method can further verify the accuracy of the loop closure after the 2D LiDAR matching by describing 3D point cloud.Additionally, this new SLAM method has been verified feasibility and availability through the processes of theoretical derivation, simulation experiment and physical verification. As a result, the experiment shows that the multi-sensor SLAM framework designed has a good mapping effect, high precision and accuracy.

Nitric oxide (NO), as a ubiquitous gas signaling molecule, modulates various physiological and biochemical processes and stress responses in plants. In our study, the NO donor nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) significantly promoted tomato seedling growth under NaCl stress, whereas NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium (cPTIO) treatment reversed the positive effect of NO, indicating that NO plays an essential role in enhancing salt stress resistance. To explore the mechanism of NO-alleviated salt stress, the transcriptome of tomato leaves was analyzed. A total of 739 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and classified into different metabolic pathways, especially photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and carbon metabolism. Of these, approximately 16 and 9 DEGs involved in plant signal transduction and photosynthesis, respectively, were further studied. We found that GSNO increased the endogenous indoleacetic acid (IAA) and salicylic acid (SA) levels but decreased abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ETH) levels under salt stress conditions. Additionally, GSNO induced increases in photosynthesis pigment content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under NaCl stress, thereby enhancing the photosynthetic capacity of tomato seedlings. Moreover, the effects of NO mentioned above were reversed by cPTIO. Together, the results of this study revealed that NO regulates the expression of genes related to phytohormone signal transduction and photosynthesis antenna proteins and, therefore, regulates endogenous hormonal equilibrium and enhances photosynthetic capacity, alleviating salt toxicity in tomato seedlings.

Main conclusion HRW increased the content of starch and sucrose via regulating a series of sucrose and starch synthesis genes, which induced the formation of bulblets and adventitious roots of Lilium davidii var. unicolor. Abstract Hydrogen gas (H 2 ), as a signaling molecule, has been reported to be involved in plant growth and development. Here, the effect of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on the formation of bulblets and adventitious roots in the scale cuttings of Lilium davidii var. unicolor and its mechanisms at the molecular levels were investigated. The results revealed that compared with distilled water treatment (Con), the number of bulblets and adventitious roots were significantly promoted by different concentrations of HRW treatment. Treatment with 100% HRW obtained the most positive effects. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis found that compared with Con, a total of 1702 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, upregulated 552 DEGs, downregulated 1150 DEGs) were obtained under HRW treatment. The sucrose and starch metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism were significantly enriched in the analysis of the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG). In addition, the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism were significantly upregulated or downregulated (upregulated 22 DEGs, downregulated 15 DEGs), indicating that starch and sucrose metabolism held a central position. The expressions of 12 DEGs were identified as coding for key enzymes in metabolism of carbohydrates was validated by qPCR during bulblet formation progress. RNA-seq analysis and expression profiles indicated that the unigene levels such as glgc, Susy, otsA and glgP, BMY and TPS were well correlated with sucrose and starch metabolism during HRW-induced bulblet formation. The change of key enzyme content in starch and sucrose metabolism pathway was explored during bulblet formation in Lilium under HRW treatment. Meanwhile, compared with Con, 100% HRW treatment increased the levels of sucrose and starch, and decreased the trehalose content, which were agreed with the expression pattern of DEGs related to the biosynthesis pathway of sucrose, starch and trehalose. Therefore, this study suggested that HRW could promote the accumulation of sucrose and starch contents in mother scales, and decreased the trehalose content, this might provide more energy for bulblet formation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00425-021-03762-6.

The high quality, yield and purity total RNA samples are essential for molecular experiments. However, harvesting high quality RNA in Lilium davidii var. unicolor is a great challenge due to its polysaccharides, polyphenols and other secondary metabolites. In this study, different RNA extraction methods, namely TRIzol method, the modified TRIzol method, Kit method and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method were employed to obtain total RNA from different tissues in L. davidii var. unicolor. A Nano drop spectrophotometer and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis were used to detect the RNA quality and integrity. Compared with TRIzol, Kit and CTAB methods, the modified TRIzol method obtained higher RNA concentrations from different tissues and the A260/A280 ratios of RNA samples were ranged from 1.97 to 2.27. Thus, the modified TRIzol method was shown to be the most effective RNA extraction protocol in acquiring RNA with high concentrations. Furthermore, the RNA samples isolated by the modified TRIzol and Kit methods were intact, whereas different degrees of degradation happened within RNA samples isolated by the TRIzol and CTAB methods. In addition, the modified TRIzol method could also isolate high-quality RNA from other edible lily bulbs. Taken together, the modified TRIzol method is an efficient method for total RNA isolation from L. davidii var. unicolor.

Previous studies have shown that methane (CH 4 ) has promoting roles in the adventitious root (AR) and lateral root (LR) formation in plants. However, whether CH 4 could trigger the bulblet formation in scale cutting of Lilium davidii var. unicolor has not been elucidated. To gain insight into the effect of CH 4 on the bulblet formation, different concentrations (1, 10, 50, and 100%) of methane-rich water (MRW) and distilled water were applied to treat the scale cuttings of Lilium. We observed that treatment with 100% MRW obviously induced the bulblet formation in scale cuttings.To explore the mechanism of CH 4 -induced bulblet formation, the transcriptome of scales was analyzed. A total of 2078 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The DEGs were classified into different metabolic pathways, especially phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and plant signal transduction. Of these, approximately 38 candidate DEGs involved in the plant signal transduction were further studied. In addition, the expression of AP2-ERF/ERF, WRKY, GRAS, ARF, and NAC transcription factors (TFs) was changed by MRW treatment, suggesting their potential involvement in bulblet formation. As for hormones, exogenous IAA, GA, and ABA could induce the bulblet formation. Additional experiments suggested that MRW could increase the endogenous IAA, GA, and JA levels, but decrease the levels of ABA during bulblet formation, which showed that higher IAA, GA, JA levels and lower ABA content might facilitate bulblet formation. In addition, the levels of endogenous hormones were consistent with the expression level of genes involved in phytohormone signal transduction. Overall, this study has revealed that CH 4 might improve the bulblet formation of cutting scales in Lilium by regulating the expression of genes related to phytohormone signal transduction and TFs, as well as by changing the endogenous hormone levels. | INTRODUCTIONLilies (Lilium spp.) are one of the most important bulbous plants in the floriculture industry, with high ornamental, economic, medicinal, and edible values (Li et al., 2014). Lilium davidii var. unicolor, a mutation of L. davidii Duchartre and one of the best edible Lilium in China, is renowned for its extremely special sweet taste (Xu et al., 2009). The flamboyant color of its flowers provides its ornamental value. Besides, the bulbs of Lilium davidii var. unicolor are rich in nutrients, such as vitamins, proteins, amino acids, dietary fiber, and starch, as well as a variety of bioactive substances, including olysaccharides, alkaloids, and saponins (Tian et al., 2020). There are various approaches that

Human fetal adrenal glands produce substantial amounts of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is one of the most important precursors of sex hormones. However, the underlying biological mechanism remains largely unknown. Herein, we sequenced human fetal adrenal glands and gonads from 7 to 14 gestational weeks (GW) via 10× Genomics single-cell transcriptome techniques, reconstructed their location information by spatial transcriptomics. Relative to gonads, adrenal glands begin to synthesize steroids early. The coordination among steroidogenic cells and multiple non-steroidogenic cells promotes adrenal cortex construction and steroid synthesis. Notably, during the window of sexual differentiation (8–12 GW), key enzyme gene expression shifts to accelerate DHEA synthesis in males and cortisol synthesis in females. Our research highlights the robustness of the action of fetal adrenal glands on gonads to modify the process of sexual differentiation.